More women than men in higher education for 23 consecutive years

Female entrepreneurs watching a policy presentation.
© ANP / Bert Spiertz
In the 2021/’22 academic year, universities and universities of applied sciences in the Netherlands had altogether 443,000 female students attending against 393 thousand male students. It is the 23rd year in a row showing more female than male student enrolments in higher education. This is evident from figures released by Statistics Netherlands (CBS).

More and more people in the Netherlands are following higher education. For example, over the past decade, HBO (higher professional education) enrolments increased from 424 thousand in the 2011/’12 academic year to over 491 thousand in 2021/’22. At university (WO) level, enrolments increased from more than 245 thousand to almost 345 thousand.

The gender balance in higher education has remained fairly constant over the past decade. In the 2021/’22 academic year, 54 percent of university enrolments and 53 percent of higher professional education enrolments were female students. The gender gap is already visible in pre-university education (VWO): since the 1995/’96 school year, there have been more female than male graduates.

In the middle of the last century, still twice as many men as women were studying in higher education. Higher education was then only for a small elite, those who could afford it. Back then, with 17 thousand women and 45 thousand men, the numbers were smaller than today. In the late 1960s, the Secondary Education Act (Mammoetwet) came into force. The purpose of this act was to improve the accessibility of education. Secondary education changed significantly as a result. In addition, compulsory education was raised up to 16 years of age. This caused a surge in higher education enrolments. Initially, men found their way to the college benches more often than women. This changed as of the 1970s. In a span of ten years, women’s share in higher education rose from 30 percent around 1970 to 40 percent at the end of the decade.

Most young women highly educated

The increase in women’s higher education attendance is also reflected in the current education level of the population. In 2022, 60 percent of 25 to 34-year-old women in the Netherlands had either an HBO or a WO (university) diploma. This was slightly over half among men in this age group. In the age group 35 to 44 years as well, there were relatively more women than men who had completed HBO or WO education, but the gender gap was not as wide. In the age group 45 years and over, on the contrary, there were more highly educated men than women. The greatest discrepancy is found in the group 65 to 74 years: 29 percent of men against 23 percent of women had completed HBO or WO education.

Highest shares of female students in health care, education, journalism

The gender balance is dfferent per study discipline. Women mainly outnumber men in the disciplines of health care, social studies, and education. Conversely, more men than women take engineering and computer science programmes. In addition, the share of women differs per level within each discipline. For example, the share of women studying agriculture and veterinary science at university level is relatively much higher than at HBO level in the same discipline.

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