People with low education and migration background have lowest levels of well-being

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People in the Netherlands with low levels of education and those with a migration background have lower levels of well-being than those with higher education and those without a migration background. Even once differences in education level, age and sex are taken into account, people with a migration background are still at a disadvantage. These and other outcomes are revealed in the Monitor of Well-being & the Sustainable Development Goals 2022, of which the English version is published today.

Well-being is more than just income and wealth: health, job situation, trust and quality of living environment, for example, all have a part to play. And like income and wealth, this broader version of well-being is not equally distributed across all population groups.

The distribution of well-being across the population is measured using thirteen indicators for the themes well-being (in terms of satisfaction with life), material well-being, health, labour and leisure time, housing, society, safety and the environment. For each indicator, a group can score above the average for the entire population, below average or neutral. Deviation from the average is considered to be favourable or unfavourable, in terms of whether it increases or decreases well-being. Where possible values for 2021 are included for the indicators.  

Lower well-being among people with a non-western migration background in particular

The outcomes for the group with a non-western migration background are unfavourable for all thirteen indicators. For people with a western background this is the case for eight of the indicators. The group with no migration background has not one unfavourable outcome, and favourable outcomes for twelve of the thirteen indicators.

The often unfavourable situation of people with a migration background is only partly caused by differences in the group’s education level, age composition, or male to female ratio compared with the group with no migration background. Even when these differences are taken into account, the groups with a western and a non-western migration background still score more unfavourably.

Lower education levels also have lower well-being levels

People with lower levels of education have unfavourable scores for nine of the thirteen indicators. This compares to just two out of the thirteen indicators below average for people with higher education. Here, too, the poorer outcomes for the group with lower education levels is unrelated to other background characteristics. If we correct for differences in age composition, sex and migration background, the picture for lower educated people becomes even slightly more unfavourable.

Relatively many unfavourable outcomes are also found in age the group to 35 years. The 45-74-year age groups score relatively well compared to average. If we compare the sexes, there are only differences on a few indicators, for most of them there are no differences between men and women. Men score more favourably on perceived health, net labour participation and trust in other people, while women score more favourably in terms of being a victim of crime (excl. cybercrime).

Distribution of well-being in most recent available year and relative change from 2019
The dots show for each indicator where population groups have significantly higher (green) or lower (red) well-being than the average for the whole population (grey). The diamonds indicate whether the value for a population group has changed more favourably (green) or more unfavourably (red) than the average for the whole population.  
Ordered by colour
Ordered by indicator
LegendMost recent yearRelative trend since 2019

Sex

Men, Victim of crime: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Men, Satisfaction with life: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Men, Job satisfaction: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Men, Satisfaction with leisure time: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Men, Satisfaction with housing: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Men, Voluntary work: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Men, Trust in institutions: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Men, Pollution in the neighbourhood: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Men, Perceived health: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Men, Net labour participation: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Men, Trust in other people: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Men, Standardised disposable income: insufficient data or insufficient quality in 2020, relative development cannot be determined due to redesign of source study.
Men, Wealth: insufficient data or insufficient quality in 2020, relative development cannot be determined due to redesign of source study.
Women, Perceived health: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Women, Net labour participation: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Women, Trust in other people: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Women, Satisfaction with life: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Women, Job satisfaction: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Women, Satisfaction with leisure time: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Women, Satisfaction with housing: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Women, Voluntary work: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Women, Trust in institutions: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Women, Pollution in the neighbourhood: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Women, Victim of crime: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Women, Standardised disposable income: insufficient data or insufficient quality in 2020, relative development cannot be determined due to redesign of source study.
Women, Wealth: insufficient data or insufficient quality in 2020, relative development cannot be determined due to redesign of source study.

Age

Younger than 25, Satisfaction with life: well-being lower than national average in 2021, more unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Younger than 25, Standardised disposable income: well-being lower than national average in 2020, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Younger than 25, Wealth: well-being lower than national average in 2020, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Younger than 25, Satisfaction with leisure time: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Younger than 25, Satisfaction with housing: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Younger than 25, Victim of crime: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Younger than 25, Job satisfaction: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Younger than 25, Voluntary work: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Younger than 25, Trust in other people: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Younger than 25, Perceived health: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Younger than 25, Net labour participation: well-being higher than national average in 2021, more unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Younger than 25, Trust in institutions: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Younger than 25, Pollution in the neighbourhood: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
25-34, Wealth: well-being lower than national average in 2020, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
25-34, Job satisfaction: well-being lower than national average in 2021, more unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
25-34, Satisfaction with leisure time: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
25-34, Satisfaction with housing: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
25-34, Voluntary work: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
25-34, Victim of crime: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
25-34, Satisfaction with life: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
25-34, Standardised disposable income: well-being does not differ from national average in 2020, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
25-34, Trust in institutions: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, more unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
25-34, Pollution in the neighbourhood: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
25-34, Perceived health: well-being higher than national average in 2021, more unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
25-34, Net labour participation: well-being higher than national average in 2021, relative development cannot be determined due to redesign of source study.
25-34, Trust in other people: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
35-44, Wealth: well-being lower than national average in 2020, more favorable than the trend of the national average.
35-44, Satisfaction with leisure time: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
35-44, Satisfaction with housing: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
35-44, Victim of crime: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
35-44, Satisfaction with life: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
35-44, Perceived health: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
35-44, Job satisfaction: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
35-44, Trust in institutions: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, more unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
35-44, Pollution in the neighbourhood: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
35-44, Standardised disposable income: well-being higher than national average in 2020, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
35-44, Net labour participation: well-being higher than national average in 2021, relative development cannot be determined due to redesign of source study.
35-44, Voluntary work: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
35-44, Trust in other people: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
45-54, Perceived health: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
45-54, Satisfaction with leisure time: well-being lower than national average in 2021, more favorable than the trend of the national average.
45-54, Victim of crime: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
45-54, Satisfaction with life: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
45-54, Satisfaction with housing: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
45-54, Trust in other people: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
45-54, Pollution in the neighbourhood: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
45-54, Standardised disposable income: well-being higher than national average in 2020, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
45-54, Wealth: well-being higher than national average in 2020, more unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
45-54, Net labour participation: well-being higher than national average in 2021, relative development cannot be determined due to redesign of source study.
45-54, Job satisfaction: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
45-54, Voluntary work: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
45-54, Trust in institutions: well-being higher than national average in 2021, more favorable than the trend of the national average.
55-64, Perceived health: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
55-64, Trust in institutions: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
55-64, Pollution in the neighbourhood: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
55-64, Satisfaction with leisure time: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
55-64, Voluntary work: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
55-64, Trust in other people: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
55-64, Satisfaction with life: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
55-64, Standardised disposable income: well-being higher than national average in 2020, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
55-64, Wealth: well-being higher than national average in 2020, more unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
55-64, Net labour participation: well-being higher than national average in 2021, relative development cannot be determined due to redesign of source study.
55-64, Job satisfaction: well-being higher than national average in 2021, more favorable than the trend of the national average.
55-64, Satisfaction with housing: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
55-64, Victim of crime: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
65-74, Perceived health: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
65-74, Net labour participation: well-being lower than national average in 2021, relative development cannot be determined due to redesign of source study.
65-74, Trust in institutions: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
65-74, Pollution in the neighbourhood: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
65-74, Standardised disposable income: well-being does not differ from national average in 2020, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
65-74, Trust in other people: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
65-74, Satisfaction with life: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
65-74, Wealth: well-being higher than national average in 2020, more unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
65-74, Job satisfaction: well-being higher than national average in 2021, more favorable than the trend of the national average.
65-74, Satisfaction with leisure time: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
65-74, Satisfaction with housing: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
65-74, Voluntary work: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
65-74, Victim of crime: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
75 and older, Standardised disposable income: well-being lower than national average in 2020, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
75 and older, Perceived health: well-being lower than national average in 2021, more favorable than the trend of the national average.
75 and older, Voluntary work: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
75 and older, Trust in other people: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
75 and older, Trust in institutions: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
75 and older, Satisfaction with life: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
75 and older, Wealth: well-being higher than national average in 2020, more unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
75 and older, Satisfaction with leisure time: well-being higher than national average in 2021, more unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
75 and older, Satisfaction with housing: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
75 and older, Victim of crime: well-being higher than national average in 2021, more unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
75 and older, Pollution in the neighbourhood: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
75 and older, Net labour participation: insufficient data or insufficient quality in 2021, relative development cannot be determined due to redesign of source study.
75 and older, Job satisfaction: insufficient data or insufficient quality in 2021, relative development cannot be determined due to redesign of source study.

Education level

Low, Satisfaction with life: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Low, Standardised disposable income: well-being lower than national average in 2020, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Low, Wealth: well-being lower than national average in 2020, more unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Low, Perceived health: well-being lower than national average in 2021, more favorable than the trend of the national average.
Low, Net labour participation: well-being lower than national average in 2021, more unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Low, Job satisfaction: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Low, Voluntary work: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Low, Trust in other people: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Low, Trust in institutions: well-being lower than national average in 2021, more favorable than the trend of the national average.
Low, Satisfaction with housing: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Low, Pollution in the neighbourhood: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Low, Satisfaction with leisure time: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Low, Victim of crime: well-being higher than national average in 2021, more unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Medium, Wealth: well-being lower than national average in 2020, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Medium, Job satisfaction: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Medium, Trust in other people: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Medium, Trust in institutions: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Medium, Pollution in the neighbourhood: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Medium, Satisfaction with life: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Medium, Standardised disposable income: well-being does not differ from national average in 2020, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Medium, Perceived health: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Medium, Satisfaction with leisure time: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Medium, Satisfaction with housing: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Medium, Voluntary work: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Medium, Net labour participation: well-being higher than national average in 2021, more unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Medium, Victim of crime: well-being higher than national average in 2021, more favorable than the trend of the national average.
High, Satisfaction with leisure time: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
High, Victim of crime: well-being lower than national average in 2021, more favorable than the trend of the national average.
High, Satisfaction with housing: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
High, Satisfaction with life: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
High, Standardised disposable income: well-being higher than national average in 2020, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
High, Wealth: well-being higher than national average in 2020, more unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
High, Perceived health: well-being higher than national average in 2021, more unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
High, Net labour participation: well-being higher than national average in 2021, more favorable than the trend of the national average.
High, Job satisfaction: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
High, Voluntary work: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
High, Trust in other people: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
High, Trust in institutions: well-being higher than national average in 2021, more unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
High, Pollution in the neighbourhood: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.

Migration background

Native Dutch, Standardised disposable income: well-being does not differ from national average in 2020, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Native Dutch, Satisfaction with life: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Native Dutch, Wealth: well-being higher than national average in 2020, more unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Native Dutch, Perceived health: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Native Dutch, Net labour participation: well-being higher than national average in 2021, relative development cannot be determined due to redesign of source study.
Native Dutch, Job satisfaction: well-being higher than national average in 2021, more unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Native Dutch, Satisfaction with leisure time: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Native Dutch, Satisfaction with housing: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Native Dutch, Voluntary work: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Native Dutch, Trust in other people: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Native Dutch, Trust in institutions: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Native Dutch, Victim of crime: well-being higher than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Native Dutch, Pollution in the neighbourhood: well-being higher than national average in 2021, more favorable than the trend of the national average.
Western, Standardised disposable income: well-being lower than national average in 2020, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Western, Wealth: well-being lower than national average in 2020, more unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Western, Net labour participation: well-being lower than national average in 2021, relative development cannot be determined due to redesign of source study.
Western, Job satisfaction: well-being lower than national average in 2021, more favorable than the trend of the national average.
Western, Satisfaction with housing: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Western, Voluntary work: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Western, Victim of crime: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Western, Pollution in the neighbourhood: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Western, Satisfaction with life: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Western, Perceived health: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Western, Satisfaction with leisure time: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Western, Trust in other people: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Western, Trust in institutions: well-being does not differ from national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Non-western, Satisfaction with life: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Non-western, Standardised disposable income: well-being lower than national average in 2020, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Non-western, Wealth: well-being lower than national average in 2020, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Non-western, Perceived health: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Non-western, Net labour participation: well-being lower than national average in 2021, relative development cannot be determined due to redesign of source study.
Non-western, Job satisfaction: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Non-western, Satisfaction with leisure time: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Non-western, Satisfaction with housing: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Non-western, Voluntary work: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Non-western, Trust in other people: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Non-western, Trust in institutions: well-being lower than national average in 2021, no more favorable or unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Non-western, Victim of crime: well-being lower than national average in 2021, more unfavorable than the trend of the national average.
Non-western, Pollution in the neighbourhood: well-being lower than national average in 2021, more unfavorable than the trend of the national average.

People with accumulation of poor outcomes often lower educated

The study looked not only at group averages, but also at the outcomes at individual level. This was to examine whether – and if so to what extent – favourable and unfavourable outcomes are concentrated at individual level. Nine well-being indicators were used for this analysis. <<toelichting >>. It showed that favourable outcomes accumulated for a total of 26 percent of individuals: they had positive scores on at least seven of the nine indicators. Eighteen percent of individuals had an accumulation of unfavourable scores: negative scores for three or more indicators.

At this individual level, positive outcomes of well-being indicators accumulate relatively strongly among people with higher education and people aged 45-64 years. People with lower education, people aged 65-74 years and people with a non-western migration background are more likely to show concentrations of unfavourable outcomes. After taking into account the correlations between age, sex, education level and migration background, it turns out that education level is the strongest determinant for the number of indicators for which people have favourable or unfavourable results.

In summary, people with a low education level and people with a non-western migration background not only score low on average; in these groups concentrations of unfavourable outcomes are also more likely to occur for individual persons.

Percentage of every population group that is located at the top, in the middle or at the bottom of the distribution of well-being, 2021

Sex

18.0%
54.6%
27.4%
18.5%
57.6%
23.9%

Age

19.3%
53.8%
26.9%
18.2%
57.4%
24.4%
15.6%
58.0%
26.4%
17.5%
48.2%
34.4%
18.0%
48.4%
33.7%
26.1%
56.7%
17.2%
11.7%
79.9%
8.4%

Highest completed level of education

31.9%
58.1%
10.1%
17.5%
60.0%
22.5%
10.2%
50.9%
38.9%

Migration background

15.7%
56.3%
28.0%
19.7%
58.3%
22.0%
33.4%
53.1%
13.6%

Sources