This article is based on data from the European Social Survey 2012 (ESS, 2012), which included the following questions about political activity. During the last 12 months, have you done any of the following: contacted a politician, government or local government; worked in a political party or action group; signed a petition; taken part in a lawful public demonstration? The scores were added together (o to 5 actions), and subsequently condensed to categories ‘none’, ‘one’ and ‘two or more’.
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