Imports of goods and services by destination; National Accounts
| Destination of imports | Periods | Value at current prices Imports of goods and services (million euros) | Value at current prices Imports of goods (million euros) | Value at current prices Imports of services (million euros) | Value at prices of 2021 Imports of goods and services (million euros) | Value at prices of 2021 Imports of goods (million euros) | Value at prices of 2021 Imports of services (million euros) | Volume changes on previous year Imports of goods and services (%) | Volume changes on previous year Imports of goods (%) | Volume changes on previous year Imports of services (%) | Price indices Imports of goods and services (2021=100) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-U All economic activities | 2023* | 390,649 | 227,352 | 163,297 | 336,546 | 184,821 | 152,305 | -0.9 | -2.0 | 0.8 | 116.1 |
| A Agriculture, forestry and fishing | 2023* | 4,895 | 3,886 | 1,009 | 3,605 | 2,768 | 829 | 1.6 | 2.5 | -2.2 | 135.8 |
| 01 Agriculture | 2023* | 4,772 | 3,800 | 972 | 3,506 | 2,701 | 796 | 2.1 | 2.9 | -1.6 | 136.1 |
| 02 Forestry and logging | 2023* | 59 | 39 | 20 | 43 | 26 | 16 | 9.3 | 14.7 | 0.0 | 138.5 |
| 03 Fishing and aquaculture | 2023* | 64 | 47 | 17 | 55 | 38 | 16 | -25.3 | -25.0 | -26.1 | 117.3 |
| B-E Industry (no construction), energy | 2023* | 188,560 | 168,242 | 20,318 | 155,423 | 136,522 | 18,849 | -3.5 | -3.4 | -4.6 | 121.3 |
| B Mining and quarrying | 2023* | 911 | 281 | 630 | 761 | 206 | 548 | -21.4 | -12.2 | -25.3 | 119.7 |
| 06 Extraction of crude petroleum and gas | 2023* | 289 | 86 | 203 | 246 | 67 | 177 | -40.1 | -31.4 | -43.7 | 117.4 |
| 08 Mining and quarrying (no oil and gas) | 2023* | 226 | 159 | 67 | 170 | 110 | 59 | -0.4 | 4.4 | -11.0 | 132.7 |
| 09 Mining support activities | 2023* | 396 | 36 | 360 | 341 | 30 | 311 | -12.0 | -10.3 | -12.1 | 116.2 |
| C Manufacturing | 2023* | 178,624 | 160,155 | 18,469 | 149,559 | 132,365 | 17,161 | -3.0 | -2.9 | -3.8 | 119.4 |
| 10-12 Manufacture of food and beverages | 2023* | 42,144 | 38,518 | 3,626 | 33,114 | 29,821 | 3,265 | -4.4 | -4.1 | -8.0 | 127.3 |
| 10 Manufacture of food products | 2023* | 38,166 | 35,013 | 3,153 | 30,016 | 27,157 | 2,836 | -4.4 | -4.1 | -7.8 | 127.2 |
| 11 Manufacture of beverages | 2023* | 3,864 | 3,403 | 461 | 2,989 | 2,566 | 419 | -4.7 | -4.1 | -9.5 | 129.3 |
| 12 Manufacture of tobacco products | 2023* | 114 | 102 | 12 | 108 | 97 | 11 | -2.3 | -2.5 | 0.0 | 105.1 |
| 13-15 Man. of textile-, leatherproducts | 2023* | 1,351 | 1,194 | 157 | 1,147 | 1,007 | 140 | -7.1 | -6.6 | -10.9 | 117.8 |
| 16-18 Man. wood en paperprod., printing | 2023* | 6,095 | 4,984 | 1,111 | 5,414 | 4,389 | 1,032 | -4.5 | -5.2 | -0.7 | 112.6 |
| 16 Manufacture of wood products | 2023* | 1,539 | 1,426 | 113 | 1,428 | 1,321 | 106 | 4.2 | 4.7 | -3.6 | 107.7 |
| 17 Manufacture of paper | 2023* | 3,634 | 2,907 | 727 | 3,202 | 2,534 | 677 | -8.5 | -9.7 | -2.6 | 113.5 |
| 18 Printing and reproduction | 2023* | 922 | 651 | 271 | 786 | 541 | 249 | -1.5 | -4.2 | 6.6 | 117.3 |
| 19 Manufacture of coke and petroleum | 2023* | 37,028 | 36,762 | 266 | 27,193 | 26,931 | 260 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 2.9 | 136.2 |
| 20-21 Chemistry and pharmaceuticals | 2023* | 31,612 | 24,918 | 6,694 | 27,337 | 21,148 | 6,337 | -12.7 | -14.6 | -3.6 | 115.6 |
| 20 Manufacture of chemicals | 2023* | 26,946 | 22,364 | 4,582 | 23,079 | 18,801 | 4,407 | -13.5 | -15.2 | -2.6 | 116.8 |
| 21 Manufacture of pharmaceuticals | 2023* | 4,666 | 2,554 | 2,112 | 4,305 | 2,378 | 1,930 | -7.1 | -8.0 | -5.8 | 108.4 |
| 22-23 Man. plastics and constructionprod | 2023* | 4,890 | 4,436 | 454 | 4,151 | 3,728 | 422 | -13.6 | -13.5 | -14.7 | 117.8 |
| 22 Manufacture rubber, plastic products | 2023* | 3,068 | 2,807 | 261 | 2,674 | 2,432 | 244 | -14.8 | -15.0 | -12.7 | 114.7 |
| 23 Manufacture of building materials | 2023* | 1,822 | 1,629 | 193 | 1,477 | 1,296 | 179 | -11.2 | -10.5 | -17.3 | 123.4 |
| 24-25 Man. of basic metals and -products | 2023* | 11,312 | 10,192 | 1,120 | 10,406 | 9,370 | 1,030 | -2.9 | -2.6 | -5.8 | 108.7 |
| 24 Manufacture of basic metals | 2023* | 5,205 | 4,804 | 401 | 4,710 | 4,333 | 374 | -5.4 | -5.0 | -10.6 | 110.5 |
| 25 Manufacture of metal products | 2023* | 6,107 | 5,388 | 719 | 5,698 | 5,039 | 657 | -0.6 | -0.4 | -2.8 | 107.2 |
| 26-27 Elektrical and electron. Industry | 2023* | 12,867 | 10,364 | 2,503 | 12,007 | 9,699 | 2,309 | -3.6 | -3.7 | -3.1 | 107.2 |
| 26 Manufacture of electronic products | 2023* | 8,150 | 6,154 | 1,996 | 7,830 | 5,980 | 1,852 | -2.6 | -2.9 | -1.7 | 104.1 |
| 27 Manufacture of electric equipment | 2023* | 4,717 | 4,210 | 507 | 4,180 | 3,721 | 458 | -5.3 | -5.0 | -8.3 | 112.8 |
| 28 Manufacture of machinery n.e.c. | 2023* | 15,104 | 14,075 | 1,029 | 13,578 | 12,606 | 971 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 10.5 | 111.2 |
| 29-30 Transport equipment | 2023* | 11,467 | 10,693 | 774 | 10,727 | 10,012 | 714 | 0.0 | 0.1 | -2.0 | 106.9 |
| 29 Manufacture of cars and trailers | 2023* | 8,670 | 8,201 | 469 | 8,228 | 7,792 | 436 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 2.6 | 105.4 |
| 30 Manufacture of other transport | 2023* | 2,797 | 2,492 | 305 | 2,521 | 2,243 | 279 | -11.6 | -12.0 | -8.2 | 110.9 |
| 31-33 Other manufacturing and repair | 2023* | 4,754 | 4,019 | 735 | 4,291 | 3,609 | 682 | -0.3 | -0.2 | -0.6 | 110.8 |
| 31-32 Man. of furniture and other prods. | 2023* | 2,259 | 1,893 | 366 | 1,988 | 1,651 | 336 | -6.3 | -6.2 | -7.3 | 113.6 |
| 31 Manufacture of furniture | 2023* | 1,346 | 1,139 | 207 | 1,193 | 1,004 | 189 | -13.2 | -13.1 | -13.5 | 112.8 |
| 32 Manufacture of other products | 2023* | 913 | 754 | 159 | 790 | 643 | 146 | 5.6 | 6.3 | 2.0 | 115.6 |
| 33 Repair and installation of machinery | 2023* | 2,495 | 2,126 | 369 | 2,317 | 1,970 | 347 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 6.9 | 107.7 |
| D Energy supply | 2023* | 7,031 | 6,508 | 523 | 3,679 | 3,205 | 487 | -10.1 | -10.3 | -6.4 | 191.1 |
| 35 Energy supply | 2023* | 7,031 | 6,508 | 523 | 3,679 | 3,205 | 487 | -10.1 | -10.3 | -6.4 | 191.1 |
| E Water supply and waste management | 2023* | 1,994 | 1,298 | 696 | 1,654 | 1,006 | 664 | -8.9 | -12.7 | 0.3 | 120.6 |
| 36 Water collection and distribution | 2023* | 91 | 43 | 48 | 78 | 33 | 45 | -3.2 | -2.2 | -4.1 | 116.0 |
| 37-39 Sewerage and waste treatment | 2023* | 1,903 | 1,255 | 648 | 1,576 | 973 | 619 | -9.1 | -13.0 | 0.6 | 120.8 |
| F Construction | 2023* | 21,662 | 16,770 | 4,892 | 18,730 | 14,335 | 4,395 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 115.7 |
| 41 Construction buildings, development | 2023* | 6,999 | 5,522 | 1,477 | 6,014 | 4,665 | 1,356 | -2.7 | -3.6 | 0.8 | 116.4 |
| 42 Civil engineering | 2023* | 3,664 | 1,749 | 1,915 | 3,103 | 1,436 | 1,666 | 4.6 | 5.2 | 4.0 | 118.1 |
| 43 Specialised construction activities | 2023* | 10,999 | 9,499 | 1,500 | 9,613 | 8,235 | 1,372 | 5.1 | 5.6 | 1.8 | 114.4 |
| G-I Trade, transport, hotels, catering | 2023* | 60,802 | 17,854 | 42,948 | 52,239 | 14,256 | 37,746 | -2.9 | 4.0 | -5.9 | 116.4 |
| G Wholesale and retail trade | 2023* | 31,643 | 7,489 | 24,154 | 27,838 | 6,410 | 21,395 | -2.4 | 1.0 | -3.5 | 113.7 |
| 45 Sale and repair of motor vehicles | 2023* | 3,831 | 2,964 | 867 | 3,472 | 2,676 | 797 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 4.6 | 110.3 |
| 46 Wholesale trade (no motor vehicles) | 2023* | 23,513 | 3,404 | 20,109 | 20,550 | 2,861 | 17,672 | -3.3 | -0.3 | -3.9 | 114.4 |
| 47 Retail trade (not in motor vehicles) | 2023* | 4,299 | 1,121 | 3,178 | 3,821 | 877 | 2,929 | -1.7 | 2.3 | -3.3 | 112.5 |
| H Transportation and storage | 2023* | 23,979 | 6,184 | 17,795 | 20,275 | 4,593 | 15,444 | -4.6 | 8.1 | -9.2 | 118.3 |
| 49 Land transport | 2023* | 8,196 | 2,360 | 5,836 | 6,802 | 1,734 | 4,997 | -1.7 | 6.8 | -5.6 | 120.5 |
| 50 Water transport | 2023* | 5,315 | 736 | 4,579 | 4,419 | 506 | 3,893 | -10.2 | -2.1 | -11.6 | 120.3 |
| 51 Air transport | 2023* | 5,533 | 2,609 | 2,924 | 4,670 | 1,992 | 2,656 | 12.9 | 15.9 | 9.8 | 118.5 |
| 52 Warehousing, services for transport | 2023* | 3,573 | 440 | 3,133 | 3,008 | 335 | 2,664 | -13.6 | -6.3 | -14.8 | 118.8 |
| 53 Postal and courier activities | 2023* | 1,362 | 39 | 1,323 | 1,258 | 33 | 1,223 | -29.8 | 0.0 | -30.5 | 108.2 |
| I Accommodation and food serving | 2023* | 5,180 | 4,181 | 999 | 4,135 | 3,204 | 930 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 1.7 | 125.3 |
| 55 Accommodation | 2023* | 1,289 | 969 | 320 | 1,020 | 719 | 298 | 8.7 | 10.1 | 4.5 | 126.4 |
| 56 Food and beverage service activities | 2023* | 3,891 | 3,212 | 679 | 3,112 | 2,480 | 632 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 125.0 |
| J Information and communication | 2023* | 19,161 | 2,774 | 16,387 | 17,678 | 2,494 | 15,205 | -2.1 | -8.6 | -0.8 | 108.4 |
| 58-60 Publishing, movie, radio and TV | 2023* | 4,609 | 239 | 4,370 | 4,017 | 167 | 3,907 | -1.1 | -48.5 | 4.6 | 114.7 |
| 58 Publishing | 2023* | 691 | 160 | 531 | 550 | 106 | 483 | -24.3 | -58.4 | 2.4 | 125.5 |
| 59-60 Movies, TV and radio | 2023* | 3,918 | 79 | 3,839 | 3,491 | 68 | 3,423 | 4.7 | -2.4 | 4.9 | 112.2 |
| 59 Film, TV and music production etc | 2023* | 3,728 | 58 | 3,670 | 3,329 | 50 | 3,279 | 5.4 | -1.7 | 5.5 | 112.0 |
| 60 Programming and broadcasting | 2023* | 190 | 21 | 169 | 163 | 18 | 145 | -6.8 | -4.3 | -7.1 | 116.5 |
| 61 Telecommunications | 2023* | 3,511 | 1,415 | 2,096 | 3,368 | 1,292 | 2,077 | -2.6 | -2.5 | -2.6 | 104.2 |
| 62-63 IT- and information services | 2023* | 11,041 | 1,120 | 9,921 | 10,290 | 1,075 | 9,214 | -2.3 | -0.4 | -2.5 | 107.3 |
| 62 Support activities in the field of IT | 2023* | 8,994 | 844 | 8,150 | 8,388 | 811 | 7,576 | -0.4 | 2.3 | -0.7 | 107.2 |
| 63 Information service activities | 2023* | 2,047 | 276 | 1,771 | 1,903 | 264 | 1,638 | -9.9 | -7.7 | -10.3 | 107.6 |
| K Financial institutions | 2023* | 12,907 | 208 | 12,699 | 15,861 | 175 | 15,688 | -1.6 | -2.9 | -1.6 | 81.4 |
| 64 Financial institutions, no insurance | 2023* | 7,345 | 39 | 7,306 | 6,959 | 32 | 6,927 | 2.2 | -4.8 | 2.3 | 105.5 |
| 65 Insurance and pension funding | 2023* | 4,190 | 87 | 4,103 | 7,495 | 80 | 7,408 | -8.3 | 1.0 | -8.4 | 55.9 |
| 66 Other financial services | 2023* | 1,372 | 82 | 1,290 | 1,203 | 63 | 1,142 | 4.8 | -6.1 | 5.7 | 114.1 |
| L Renting, buying, selling real estate | 2023* | 2,650 | 1,293 | 1,357 | 2,192 | 917 | 1,269 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 120.9 |
| 68 Renting, buying, selling real estate | 2023* | 2,650 | 1,293 | 1,357 | 2,192 | 917 | 1,269 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 120.9 |
| M-N Business services | 2023* | 63,321 | 7,001 | 56,320 | 57,034 | 5,670 | 51,432 | 8.8 | 2.9 | 9.6 | 111.0 |
| M Other specialised business services | 2023* | 44,255 | 4,970 | 39,285 | 39,695 | 3,879 | 35,859 | 11.2 | 6.1 | 11.9 | 111.5 |
| 69-71 Management, technical consultancy | 2023* | 38,880 | 3,618 | 35,262 | 34,914 | 2,730 | 32,219 | 13.3 | 7.2 | 14.0 | 111.4 |
| 69-70 Legal and management consultancy | 2023* | 37,050 | 2,933 | 34,117 | 33,273 | 2,110 | 31,182 | 14.2 | 10.6 | 14.5 | 111.4 |
| 69 Legal services, administration etc. | 2023* | 1,436 | 109 | 1,327 | 1,315 | 90 | 1,224 | -1.0 | 5.3 | -1.6 | 109.2 |
| 70 Holding companies (not financial) | 2023* | 35,614 | 2,824 | 32,790 | 31,958 | 2,020 | 29,958 | 14.9 | 10.8 | 15.3 | 111.4 |
| 71 Architects, technical services etc. | 2023* | 1,830 | 685 | 1,145 | 1,649 | 610 | 1,040 | -1.9 | -4.4 | -0.2 | 111.0 |
| 72 Research and development | 2023* | 1,742 | 807 | 935 | 1,519 | 674 | 838 | -0.8 | 3.8 | -5.0 | 114.7 |
| 73-75 Advertising, design and other | 2023* | 3,633 | 545 | 3,088 | 3,282 | 474 | 2,805 | -2.0 | 2.6 | -2.8 | 110.7 |
| 73 Advertising and market research | 2023* | 2,675 | 134 | 2,541 | 2,413 | 109 | 2,302 | -2.8 | 3.0 | -3.1 | 110.9 |
| 74-75 Other specialised services | 2023* | 958 | 411 | 547 | 869 | 365 | 503 | 0.3 | 2.4 | -1.3 | 110.3 |
| 74 Other specialised business services | 2023* | 833 | 301 | 532 | 746 | 255 | 489 | 0.2 | 3.0 | -1.4 | 111.7 |
| 75 Veterinary activities | 2023* | 125 | 110 | 15 | 123 | 109 | 14 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 101.7 |
| N Renting and other business support | 2023* | 19,066 | 2,031 | 17,035 | 17,340 | 1,787 | 15,576 | 3.6 | -3.6 | 4.7 | 110.0 |
| 77 Renting and leasing of tangible goods | 2023* | 6,950 | 279 | 6,671 | 6,267 | 218 | 6,050 | -2.4 | -2.7 | -2.4 | 110.9 |
| 78 Employment activities | 2023* | 1,469 | 113 | 1,356 | 1,346 | 92 | 1,255 | -6.3 | -9.8 | -6.0 | 109.1 |
| 79 Travel agencies, tour operators etc | 2023* | 8,144 | 98 | 8,046 | 7,464 | 84 | 7,381 | 14.2 | 11.8 | 14.2 | 109.1 |
| 80-82 Security, other business services | 2023* | 2,503 | 1,541 | 962 | 2,277 | 1,394 | 886 | -2.6 | -4.1 | 0.2 | 109.9 |
| 80 Security and investigation | 2023* | 293 | 180 | 113 | 269 | 164 | 105 | 1.4 | -0.6 | 4.9 | 109.0 |
| Source: CBS. | |||||||||||
Table explanation
This table presents data of imports of goods and services by destination from the National Accounts. The table contains data of imported products by economic activities. It also shows data of imports intended for final expenditure and imports that can not be imputed to economic activities.
Data available from: 2021.
Status of the figures:
Data from 2021 up to and including 2022 are final. Data of 2023 are provisional.
Changes as of June 24th 2024:
This is a new table. Statistics Netherlands has carried out a revision of the national accounts. The Dutch national accounts are recently revised. New statistical sources, methods and concepts are implemented in the national accounts, in order to align the picture of the Dutch economy with all underlying source data and international guidelines for the compilation of the national accounts. This table contains revised data. For further information see section 3.
When will new figures be published?
Provisional data are published 6 months after the end of the reporting year. Final data are released 18 months after the end of the reporting year.
Description topics
- Value at current prices
- The values are expressed at prices of the reporting period. Alternatively, values may be expressed at constant prices. In this case, prices of a reference period are used.
- Imports of goods and services
- Transactions in goods and services (sales, barter and gifts) from non-residents to residents (in the Netherlands). Imports of goods occurs when economic ownership of goods is passed from non-residents to residents. This applies irrespective of corresponding physical movements of goods across frontiers. An enterprise or institution is considered residential after it has been active in the Netherlands for at least one year. This applies irrespective of the question whether the enterprise or institute has foreign owners.
- Imports of goods
- Transactions in goods (sales, barter and gifts) from non-residents to residents (in the Netherlands). Imports of goods occurs when economic ownership of goods is passed from non-residents to residents. This applies irrespective of corresponding physical movements of goods across frontiers. An enterprise or institution is considered residential after it has been active in the Netherlands for at least one year. This applies irrespective of the question whether the enterprise or institute has foreign owners. Part of the imports are raw materials, semifinished products, fuel and fixed assets. Furthermore, imports of goods may be re-exports: goods that were imported before being exported, after having received at most minor adaptations.
- Imports of services
- Transactions in services (sales, barter and gifts) from non-residents to residents (in the Netherlands). Imports of services applies among others to expenses made by Dutch companies abroad, like costs of transportation, banking costs and business travels. Imports by services are also made by the Dutch general government, among others by means of expenses made by Dutch embassies and consulates. Imports of services by households consist among others of imports of consumer goods and the direct consumptive expenditure by Dutch residents abroad.
- Value at prices of 2021
- The values are expressed at prices of the reference period 2021 by taking account of inflation. Alternatively, values may be expressed at prices of the reporting period.
- Imports of goods and services
- Transactions in goods and services (sales, barter and gifts) from non-residents to residents (in the Netherlands). Imports of goods occurs when economic ownership of goods is passed from non-residents to residents. This applies irrespective of corresponding physical movements of goods across frontiers. An enterprise or institution is considered residential after it has been active in the Netherlands for at least one year. This applies irrespective of the question whether the enterprise or institute has foreign owners.
- Imports of goods
- Transactions in goods (sales, barter and gifts) from non-residents to residents (in the Netherlands). Imports of goods occurs when economic ownership of goods is passed from non-residents to residents. This applies irrespective of corresponding physical movements of goods across frontiers. An enterprise or institution is considered residential after it has been active in the Netherlands for at least one year. This applies irrespective of the question whether the enterprise or institute has foreign owners. Part of the imports are raw materials, semifinished products, fuel and fixed assets. Furthermore, imports of goods may be re-exports: goods that were imported before being exported, after having received at most minor adaptations.
- Imports of services
- Transactions in services (sales, barter and gifts) from non-residents to residents (in the Netherlands). Imports of services applies among others to expenses made by Dutch companies abroad, like costs of transportation, banking costs and business travels. Imports by services are also made by the Dutch general government, among others by means of expenses made by Dutch embassies and consulates. Imports of services by households consist among others of imports of consumer goods and the direct consumptive expenditure by Dutch residents abroad.
- Volume changes on previous year
- The weighted average of the changes in the quantity and quality of the components of a certain goods or service transaction or balancing item, annual percentage changes.
- Imports of goods and services
- Transactions in goods and services (sales, barter and gifts) from non-residents to residents (in the Netherlands). Imports of goods occurs when economic ownership of goods is passed from non-residents to residents. This applies irrespective of corresponding physical movements of goods across frontiers. An enterprise or institution is considered residential after it has been active in the Netherlands for at least one year. This applies irrespective of the question whether the enterprise or institute has foreign owners.
- Imports of goods
- Transactions in goods (sales, barter and gifts) from non-residents to residents (in the Netherlands). Imports of goods occurs when economic ownership of goods is passed from non-residents to residents. This applies irrespective of corresponding physical movements of goods across frontiers. An enterprise or institution is considered residential after it has been active in the Netherlands for at least one year. This applies irrespective of the question whether the enterprise or institute has foreign owners. Part of the imports are raw materials, semifinished products, fuel and fixed assets. Furthermore, imports of goods may be re-exports: goods that were imported before being exported, after having received at most minor adaptations.
- Imports of services
- Transactions in services (sales, barter and gifts) from non-residents to residents (in the Netherlands). Imports of services applies among others to expenses made by Dutch companies abroad, like costs of transportation, banking costs and business travels. Imports by services are also made by the Dutch general government, among others by means of expenses made by Dutch embassies and consulates. Imports of services by households consist among others of imports of consumer goods and the direct consumptive expenditure by Dutch residents abroad.
- Price indices
- The weighted average of the price changes of the components of a certain variable. Deflators relative to the reference year 2021.
- Imports of goods and services
- Transactions in goods and services (sales, barter and gifts) from non-residents to residents (in the Netherlands). Imports of goods occurs when economic ownership of goods is passed from non-residents to residents. This applies irrespective of corresponding physical movements of goods across frontiers. An enterprise or institution is considered residential after it has been active in the Netherlands for at least one year. This applies irrespective of the question whether the enterprise or institute has foreign owners.