Emissions of air polluting substances according to NEC guide-lines

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NEC sectors Emissions to air Periods Emission to air (million kgs)
Total stationary and mobile sources Ammonia (NH3) 1990 346.6
2000 174.9
2010 135.1
2020 125.0
2022 121.2
2023* 121.7
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 630.3
2000 451.8
2010 310.1
2020 177.7
2022 162.2
2023* 154.4
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 197.5
2000 78.5
2010 36.1
2020 19.6
2022 19.6
2023* 17.9
NMVOC 1990 508.5
2000 266.5
2010 192.9
2020 162.1
2022 154.5
2023* 149.1
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 57.3
2000 35.0
2010 22.2
2020 14.4
2022 14.3
2023* 14.1
Stationary sources; total Ammonia (NH3) 1990 345.6
2000 170.5
2010 131.2
2020 121.5
2022 117.6
2023* 117.9
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 229.9
2000 142.9
2010 101.4
2020 56.7
2022 52.3
2023* 47.4
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 170.7
2000 63.1
2010 32.9
2020 19.0
2022 19.0
2023* 17.2
NMVOC 1990 300.6
2000 177.9
2010 150.5
2020 130.0
2022 124.1
2023* 120.3
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 31.6
2000 17.8
2010 14.9
2020 10.7
2022 11.0
2023* 10.9
Energy sector Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.0
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.1
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 103.9
2000 64.9
2010 32.6
2020 17.0
2022 16.4
2023* 14.1
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 112.7
2000 48.2
2010 19.4
2020 8.8
2022 10.7
2023* 9.6
NMVOC 1990 31.8
2000 26.4
2010 14.3
2020 6.4
2022 5.2
2023* 5.1
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 6.0
2000 2.6
2010 0.4
2020 0.2
2022 0.2
2023* 0.2
06 Extraction of crude petroleum and gas Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.0
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 7.9
2000 5.8
2010 4.9
2020 2.5
2022 1.9
2023* 1.9
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 1.5
2000 0.3
2010 0.3
2020 0.1
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
NMVOC 1990 15.9
2000 10.8
2010 6.9
2020 2.6
2022 1.8
2023* 1.8
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 0.0
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
192 Manufacture of refined petroleum Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.0
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 18.8
2000 10.3
2010 5.6
2020 4.4
2022 4.8
2023* 4.9
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 67.1
2000 33.1
2010 12.7
2020 7.2
2022 8.6
2023* 8.0
NMVOC 1990 15.3
2000 14.0
2010 7.1
2020 3.3
2022 3.1
2023* 3.0
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 4.9
2000 2.3
2010 0.2
2020 0.2
2022 0.1
2023* 0.2
35 Energy supply Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.0
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 77.2
2000 48.8
2010 22.2
2020 10.1
2022 9.6
2023* 7.3
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 44.1
2000 14.8
2010 6.4
2020 1.5
2022 2.2
2023* 1.6
NMVOC 1990 0.5
2000 1.5
2010 0.3
2020 0.5
2022 0.3
2023* 0.3
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 1.1
2000 0.2
2010 0.2
2020 0.1
2022 0.1
2023* 0.1
Industry and waste Ammonia (NH3) 1990 4.6
2000 3.9
2010 3.0
2020 2.9
2022 2.5
2023* 2.5
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 84.5
2000 36.7
2010 33.1
2020 25.0
2022 22.9
2023* 20.8
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 55.4
2000 13.5
2010 12.7
2020 9.6
2022 7.6
2023* 7.1
NMVOC 1990 140.7
2000 64.1
2010 42.9
2020 30.5
2022 29.7
2023* 28.5
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 15.6
2000 5.2
2010 4.0
2020 3.4
2022 3.4
2023* 3.1
10-12 Manufacture of food and beverages Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.2
2000 0.2
2010 0.6
2020 0.7
2022 0.5
2023* 0.5
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 7.7
2000 3.7
2010 2.9
2020 1.8
2022 1.7
2023* 1.5
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 1.7
2000 0.5
2010 0.7
2020 0.6
2022 0.4
2023* 0.3
NMVOC 1990 9.6
2000 8.5
2010 7.9
2020 5.8
2022 5.8
2023* 5.7
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 1.2
2000 0.5
2010 0.3
2020 0.3
2022 0.3
2023* 0.3
13-15 Man. of textile-, leatherproducts Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.0
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 0.6
2000 0.2
2010 0.1
2020 0.1
2022 0.1
2023* 0.1
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 0.8
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
NMVOC 1990 2.5
2000 0.5
2010 0.4
2020 0.4
2022 0.4
2023* 0.4
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 0.1
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
16 Manufacture of wood products Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.0
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 0.1
2000 0.1
2010 0.2
2020 0.1
2022 0.1
2023* 0.1
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 0.0
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
NMVOC 1990 5.1
2000 2.9
2010 0.5
2020 0.2
2022 0.2
2023* 0.2
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 0.2
2000 0.1
2010 0.1
2020 0.1
2022 0.1
2023* 0.1
17 Manufacture of paper Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.1
2000 0.1
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 2.9
2000 2.0
2010 1.3
2020 0.9
2022 0.8
2023* 0.5
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 0.2
2000 0.1
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
NMVOC 1990 3.7
2000 0.3
2010 0.4
2020 0.3
2022 0.2
2023* 0.2
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 0.2
2000 0.1
2010 0.1
2020 0.1
2022 0.1
2023* 0.1
18 Printing and reproduction Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.0
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 0.0
2000 0.1
2010 0.1
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 0.0
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
NMVOC 1990 14.4
2000 11.6
2010 3.8
2020 2.5
2022 2.6
2023* 2.3
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 0.0
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
201 Manufacture of basic chemicals Ammonia (NH3) 1990 3.3
2000 1.7
2010 0.7
2020 0.5
2022 0.4
2023* 0.4
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 36.5
2000 13.3
2010 11.7
2020 8.6
2022 7.4
2023* 6.9
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 19.7
2000 2.4
2010 2.1
2020 1.4
2022 1.1
2023* 1.0
NMVOC 1990 24.9
2000 10.0
2010 4.7
2020 3.3
2022 2.5
2023* 1.8
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 2.7
2000 0.9
2010 0.8
2020 0.4
2022 0.3
2023* 0.4
Chemical and pharmaceutical products Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.0
2000 0.1
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 2.3
2000 1.7
2010 0.6
2020 0.5
2022 0.5
2023* 0.5
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 0.3
2000 0.6
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.1
2023* 0.0
NMVOC 1990 9.3
2000 3.3
2010 2.0
2020 1.9
2022 1.8
2023* 1.5
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 0.1
2000 0.1
2010 0.2
2020 0.2
2022 0.2
2023* 0.2
23 Manufacture of building materials Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.6
2000 0.5
2010 0.4
2020 0.3
2022 0.4
2023* 0.4
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 16.1
2000 5.0
2010 5.2
2020 2.9
2022 2.9
2023* 2.7
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 10.0
2000 2.6
2010 3.0
2020 2.4
2022 2.5
2023* 2.3
NMVOC 1990 1.4
2000 0.5
2010 0.7
2020 0.3
2022 0.3
2023* 0.3
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 2.2
2000 1.1
2010 1.1
2020 1.3
2022 1.5
2023* 1.2
24 Basic metal industry Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.1
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 7.8
2000 6.6
2010 6.5
2020 5.5
2022 5.3
2023* 4.5
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 14.6
2000 6.9
2010 6.1
2020 4.2
2022 3.2
2023* 3.0
NMVOC 1990 5.2
2000 2.2
2010 1.6
2020 1.5
2022 1.5
2023* 1.1
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 7.0
2000 2.0
2010 1.3
2020 0.7
2022 0.6
2023* 0.6
25-28 Man metal products, machinery Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.3
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 3.7
2000 0.7
2010 0.8
2020 0.6
2022 0.3
2023* 0.3
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 3.4
2000 0.0
2010 0.5
2020 0.5
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
NMVOC 1990 45.1
2000 12.4
2010 11.1
2020 7.5
2022 7.7
2023* 8.2
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 0.8
2000 0.2
2010 0.1
2020 0.2
2022 0.2
2023* 0.2
29-30 Transport equipment Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.0
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 0.4
2000 0.1
2010 0.1
2020 0.1
2022 0.1
2023* 0.1
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 0.0
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
NMVOC 1990 7.3
2000 5.2
2010 5.7
2020 4.0
2022 4.0
2023* 4.1
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 0.3
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
A Agriculture, forestry and fishing Ammonia (NH3) 1990 336.6
2000 162.1
2010 123.5
2020 113.8
2022 110.2
2023* 110.4
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 8.8
2000 9.6
2010 14.1
2020 5.5
2022 4.2
2023* 4.2
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 0.0
2000 0.0
2010 0.1
2020 0.1
2022 0.1
2023* 0.1
NMVOC 1990 0.6
2000 1.2
2010 7.2
2020 2.5
2022 2.0
2023* 2.1
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 0.6
2000 0.6
2010 0.7
2020 0.7
2022 0.6
2023* 0.6
22,31-32 Other industry Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.0
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 0.2
2000 0.3
2010 0.2
2020 0.2
2022 0.1
2023* 0.1
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 0.1
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
NMVOC 1990 10.3
2000 5.0
2010 3.2
2020 2.3
2022 2.3
2023* 2.1
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 0.1
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
Households in autonomous homes Ammonia (NH3) 1990 3.7
2000 4.0
2010 4.1
2020 4.2
2022 4.2
2023* 4.3
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 20.7
2000 19.9
2010 14.5
2020 6.0
2022 5.9
2023* 5.3
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 1.2
2000 0.5
2010 0.5
2020 0.4
2022 0.4
2023* 0.4
NMVOC 1990 52.1
2000 50.5
2010 52.5
2020 60.2
2022 57.3
2023* 54.6
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 8.6
2000 8.5
2010 9.1
2020 5.7
2022 5.9
2023* 5.9
Waste collection and processing Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.0
2000 1.2
2010 1.2
2020 1.3
2022 1.3
2023* 1.3
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 6.0
2000 2.7
2010 3.5
2020 3.8
2022 3.6
2023* 3.3
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 4.5
2000 0.2
2010 0.3
2020 0.4
2022 0.3
2023* 0.3
NMVOC 1990 1.9
2000 1.7
2010 0.9
2020 0.5
2022 0.5
2023* 0.5
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 0.8
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
Services, water and construction Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.7
2000 0.5
2010 0.6
2020 0.6
2022 0.6
2023* 0.7
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 11.9
2000 11.8
2010 7.1
2020 3.1
2022 3.0
2023* 3.1
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 1.4
2000 0.9
2010 0.3
2020 0.1
2022 0.1
2023* 0.1
NMVOC 1990 75.4
2000 35.8
2010 33.5
2020 30.4
2022 29.8
2023* 29.9
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 0.7
2000 0.8
2010 0.6
2020 0.7
2022 0.8
2023* 1.0
Water collection and processing Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.0
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 0.2
2000 0.2
2010 0.2
2020 0.2
2022 0.2
2023* 0.2
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 0.0
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
NMVOC 1990 0.0
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 0.0
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
G-U Services Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.5
2000 0.5
2010 0.6
2020 0.6
2022 0.6
2023* 0.7
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 11.3
2000 10.4
2010 6.2
2020 2.6
2022 2.3
2023* 2.4
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 0.8
2000 0.2
2010 0.1
2020 0.1
2022 0.1
2023* 0.1
NMVOC 1990 53.5
2000 20.7
2010 25.5
2020 25.5
2022 24.6
2023* 24.7
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 0.4
2000 0.2
2010 0.2
2020 0.3
2022 0.3
2023* 0.4
F Construction Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.2
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 0.5
2000 1.2
2010 0.7
2020 0.3
2022 0.4
2023* 0.5
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 0.6
2000 0.7
2010 0.1
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
NMVOC 1990 21.9
2000 15.0
2010 8.0
2020 4.8
2022 5.2
2023* 5.2
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 0.4
2000 0.5
2010 0.4
2020 0.4
2022 0.5
2023* 0.6
Mobile sources; total Ammonia (NH3) 1990 1.0
2000 4.4
2010 3.9
2020 3.5
2022 3.6
2023* 3.9
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 400.4
2000 308.9
2010 208.7
2020 121.0
2022 109.9
2023* 107.0
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 26.8
2000 15.4
2010 3.2
2020 0.7
2022 0.7
2023* 0.7
NMVOC 1990 207.8
2000 88.6
2010 42.4
2020 32.1
2022 30.4
2023* 28.8
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 25.8
2000 17.2
2010 7.3
2020 3.8
2022 3.3
2023* 3.2
Transport Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.9
2000 4.4
2010 3.9
2020 3.4
2022 3.4
2023* 3.7
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 325.1
2000 225.3
2010 157.0
2020 86.2
2022 80.9
2023* 78.7
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 17.5
2000 5.7
2010 0.9
2020 0.3
2022 0.4
2023* 0.4
NMVOC 1990 188.2
2000 72.0
2010 33.6
2020 26.8
2022 25.8
2023* 24.5
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 19.1
2000 11.4
2010 4.6
2020 2.3
2022 2.2
2023* 2.2
Road transport; total Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.9
2000 4.3
2010 3.9
2020 3.3
2022 3.4
2023* 3.7
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 291.2
2000 192.7
2010 129.0
2020 61.1
2022 55.0
2023* 53.8
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 15.3
2000 3.6
2010 0.2
2020 0.2
2022 0.2
2023* 0.2
NMVOC 1990 181.1
2000 64.9
2010 27.4
2020 22.1
2022 21.0
2023* 19.9
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 17.5
2000 9.8
2010 3.4
2020 1.3
2022 1.2
2023* 1.2
Road transport: passenger transport Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.9
2000 4.2
2010 3.7
2020 2.6
2022 2.6
2023* 2.9
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 140.3
2000 62.3
2010 29.5
2020 19.3
2022 18.2
2023* 17.9
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 4.6
2000 1.3
2010 0.1
2020 0.1
2022 0.1
2023* 0.1
NMVOC 1990 137.2
2000 39.8
2010 12.7
2020 11.3
2022 11.3
2023* 10.6
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 5.5
2000 2.9
2010 1.0
2020 0.3
2022 0.2
2023* 0.2
Road transport; motorcycles Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.0
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 0.3
2000 0.9
2010 1.4
2020 0.9
2022 0.7
2023* 0.7
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 0.0
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
NMVOC 1990 13.8
2000 13.1
2010 9.6
2020 4.2
2022 3.3
2023* 3.1
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 0.2
2000 0.2
2010 0.2
2020 0.1
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
Road transport; light freight vehicles Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.0
2000 0.1
2010 0.1
2020 0.1
2022 0.2
2023* 0.2
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 20.8
2000 18.9
2010 18.3
2020 12.7
2022 11.1
2023* 9.9
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 1.9
2000 0.6
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
NMVOC 1990 12.1
2000 3.1
2010 0.7
2020 1.4
2022 1.3
2023* 1.0
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 3.8
2000 2.4
2010 1.0
2020 0.3
2022 0.2
2023* 0.2
Road transport; heavy freight vehicles Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.0
2000 0.0
2010 0.1
2020 0.6
2022 0.6
2023* 0.6
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 119.5
2000 102.2
2010 77.1
2020 27.3
2022 24.3
2023* 24.7
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1990 8.1
2000 1.6
2010 0.1
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
NMVOC 1990 12.7
2000 7.1
2010 3.9
2020 4.8
2022 4.7
2023* 4.8
PM2.5 (Particulate matter) 1990 6.3
2000 3.3
2010 0.8
2020 0.3
2022 0.3
2023* 0.3
Road transport; buses Ammonia (NH3) 1990 0.0
2000 0.0
2010 0.0
2020 0.0
2022 0.0
2023* 0.0
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1990 10.3
2000 8.5
2010 2.7
2020 1.0
Source: CBS.
Explanation of symbols

Table explanation


The table contains annual figures on the emissions of a number of air pollutants in the Netherlands as calculated according to the European NEC guidelines.
In 2001, the European Parliament and the Council of Europe drew up a directive on national emission ceilings for cross-border air pollution. The directive is simply called the NEC directive. NEC stands for 'National Emission Ceilings'. Until 2020, the directive determined for each Member State the maximum amount of a number of air pollutants that could be emitted annually. As of 2020, the system of national emission ceilings has been replaced by one of national emission reduction obligations.
The guidelines relate to sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ammonia (NH3), volatile organic compounds excluding methane (NMVOC) and particulate matter PM2.5 (particles with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometres).
The emissions, expressed in kilograms, are broken down by NEC sectors: Energy, Transport, Industry, Agriculture, Waste and Other stationary and mobile sources.

Data available from: 1990.
Due to insufficient data quality, the years 1991 to 1994 and 1996 to 1999 are not shown.

Status of the figures:
The figures from 1990 to 2022 are final. In order to obtain a consistent time series the complete data set is (re)calculated when necessary, so as to be able to include the latest insights in the survey, especially in the case of emission factors.

Changes as of 5 September 2024:
Addition of provisional figures 2023.

When will new figures be available?
Final figures for 1990 to 2023 will be published in February 2025.

Description topics

Emission to air
The emissions of air pollutants in the Netherlands; expressed in kilograms and broken down by NEC sectors.