Supply and use by products of activity; National Accounts, 2015-2022

Supply and use by products of activity; National Accounts, 2015-2022

Products of activity and other items Periods Value at current prices Use of goods and services Final consumption expenditure Total (million euros) Value at current prices Use of goods and services Final consumption expenditure Households and NPISHs (million euros) Value at current prices Use of goods and services Final consumption expenditure General government (million euros) Value at prices of 2015 Use of goods and services Final consumption expenditure Total (million euros) Value at prices of 2015 Use of goods and services Final consumption expenditure Households and NPISHs (million euros) Value at prices of 2015 Use of goods and services Final consumption expenditure General government (million euros) Volume changes on previous year Use of goods and services Final consumption expenditure Total (%) Volume changes on previous year Use of goods and services Final consumption expenditure Households and NPISHs (%) Volume changes on previous year Use of goods and services Final consumption expenditure General government (%) Price indices Use of goods and services Final consumption expenditure Total (2015=100) Price indices Use of goods and services Final consumption expenditure Households and NPISHs (2015=100) Price indices Use of goods and services Final consumption expenditure General government (2015=100)
A-U All goods and services 2022* 651,581 411,081 240,500 544,904 345,051 199,765 4.7 6.6 1.6 119.6 119.1 120.4
A Agriculture, forestry products 2022* 9,968 9,968 0 7,966 7,966 . 0.9 0.9 . 125.1 125.1 .
01 Products of agriculture, hunting.. 2022* 9,697 9,697 0 7,730 7,730 . 0.9 0.9 . 125.4 125.4 .
011-013 Crops and planting material 2022* 9,005 9,005 0 7,241 7,241 . 1.3 1.3 . 124.4 124.4 .
014 Live animals and animal products 2022* 692 692 0 494 494 . -4.2 -4.2 . 140.0 140.0 .
016 Agricultural and animal husbandry.. 2022* 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . .
02 Products of forestry, logging and.. 2022* 19 19 0 16 16 . -6.3 -6.3 . 118.2 118.2 .
03 Fish and other fishing products.. 2022* 252 252 0 222 222 . -0.9 -0.9 . 113.6 113.6 .
B-E Mining, manufacturing products.. 2022* 176,313 166,660 9,653 150,114 141,046 9,068 -0.1 -0.2 1.2 117.5 118.2 106.4
B Mining and quarrying 2022* 9,472 9,424 48 4,476 4,452 19 -22.6 -22.5 -44.4 211.6 211.7 253.5
05 Coal and lignite 2022* 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . .
06 Crude petroleum and natural gas 2022* 9,356 9,308 48 4,379 4,355 19 -23.0 -22.9 -44.4 213.7 213.7 253.5
07 Metal ores 2022* 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . .
08 Other mining and quarrying products 2022* 116 116 0 101 101 . 3.7 3.7 . 114.7 114.7 .
09 Mining support services 2022* 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . .
C Manufacturing 2022* 157,278 150,409 6,869 135,110 128,442 6,681 1.1 1.1 2.2 116.4 117.1 102.8
10-12 Food, beverages and tobacco 2022* 53,890 53,890 0 44,066 44,066 . -4.3 -4.3 . 122.3 122.3 .
10 Food products 2022* 40,741 40,741 0 33,434 33,434 . -5.5 -5.5 . 121.9 121.9 .
101-102 Fish and meat 2022* 9,755 9,755 0 7,390 7,390 . -8.6 -8.6 . 132.0 132.0 .
103 Processed and preserved fruit.. 2022* 4,635 4,635 0 3,835 3,835 . -5.6 -5.6 . 120.9 120.9 .
104 Vegetable and animal oils and fats 2022* 1,074 1,074 0 756 756 . -12.5 -12.5 . 142.1 142.1 .
105 Dairy products 2022* 5,845 5,845 0 4,456 4,456 . -9.4 -9.4 . 131.2 131.2 .
106-107 Grain, starches, baker products 2022* 8,158 8,158 0 7,066 7,066 . -0.2 -0.2 . 115.5 115.5 .
108 Other food products 2022* 9,299 9,299 0 8,191 8,191 . -3.6 -3.6 . 113.5 113.5 .
109 Prepared animal feeds 2022* 1,975 1,975 0 1,788 1,788 . -4.3 -4.3 . 110.5 110.5 .
11 Beverages 2022* 6,118 6,118 0 5,384 5,384 . -3.7 -3.7 . 113.6 113.6 .
12 Tobacco products 2022* 7,031 7,031 0 5,260 5,260 . 2.3 2.3 . 133.7 133.7 .
13-15 Textiles, wearing apparel, leather 2022* 24,671 24,671 0 22,359 22,359 . 11.8 11.8 . 110.3 110.3 .
13 Textiles 2022* 3,762 3,762 0 3,208 3,208 . 2.0 2.0 . 117.3 117.3 .
14 Wearing apparel 2022* 16,006 16,006 0 14,434 14,434 . 12.8 12.8 . 110.9 110.9 .
15 Leather and related products 2022* 4,903 4,903 0 4,734 4,734 . 16.8 16.8 . 103.6 103.6 .
16-18 Wood, paper and printing services 2022* 3,471 3,471 0 3,139 3,139 . 2.5 2.5 . 110.6 110.6 .
16 Wood, wood and cork products ... 2022* 1,151 1,151 0 1,002 1,002 . -1.3 -1.3 . 114.9 114.9 .
17 Paper and paper products 2022* 2,306 2,306 0 2,129 2,129 . 4.6 4.6 . 108.3 108.3 .
18 Printing and recording services 2022* 14 14 0 8 8 . -16.7 -16.7 . 166.8 166.8 .
19 Coke and refined petroleum products 2022* 13,829 13,829 0 9,891 9,891 . 1.2 1.2 . 139.8 139.8 .
20-21 Chemicals, pharmaceutical products 2022* 15,012 9,787 5,225 13,640 8,566 5,070 4.6 5.7 2.6 110.1 114.3 103.1
20 Chemicals and chemical products 2022* 7,155 7,155 0 6,389 6,389 . 5.8 5.8 . 112.0 112.0 .
21 Basic pharmaceutical products and.. 2022* 7,857 2,632 5,225 7,244 2,178 5,070 3.5 5.4 2.6 108.5 120.9 103.1
22-23 Rubber, plastics and other.. 2022* 4,083 4,083 0 3,372 3,372 . -5.5 -5.5 . 121.1 121.1 .
22 Rubber and plastics products 2022* 2,644 2,644 0 2,060 2,060 . -8.7 -8.7 . 128.3 128.3 .
23 Other non-metallic mineral products 2022* 1,439 1,439 0 1,320 1,320 . 0.8 0.8 . 109.0 109.0 .
24-25 Basic metals and metal products 2022* 2,537 2,537 0 2,247 2,247 . 0.0 0.0 . 112.9 112.9 .
24 Basic metals 2022* 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . .
25 Fabricated metal products, except.. 2022* 2,537 2,537 0 2,247 2,247 . 0.0 0.0 . 112.9 112.9 .
26-27 Electrical and electronic products 2022* 13,143 11,507 1,636 14,307 12,740 1,601 2.5 2.7 1.0 91.9 90.3 102.2
26 Computer, electronic and optical.. 2022* 8,925 7,346 1,579 10,448 8,949 1,544 3.9 4.5 1.1 85.4 82.1 102.3
27 Electrical equipment 2022* 4,218 4,161 57 3,850 3,794 56 -0.6 -0.6 -1.8 109.5 109.7 101.9
28 Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 2022* 787 787 0 891 891 . 4.8 4.8 . 88.3 88.3 .
29-30 Transport equipment 2022* 10,718 10,710 8 9,095 9,086 9 1.8 1.8 0.0 117.8 117.9 88.9
29 Motor vehicles, trailers and.. 2022* 8,109 8,109 0 6,799 6,799 . 3.2 3.2 . 119.3 119.3 .
30 Other transport equipment 2022* 2,609 2,601 8 2,287 2,278 9 -2.4 -2.4 0.0 114.1 114.2 88.9
31-33 Other manufactured goods, repair 2022* 15,137 15,137 0 12,660 12,660 . 1.2 1.2 . 119.6 119.6 .
31-32 Furniture, other manufacturing 2022* 15,013 15,013 0 12,556 12,556 . 1.2 1.2 . 119.6 119.6 .
31 Furniture 2022* 7,402 7,402 0 5,739 5,739 . -5.7 -5.7 . 129.0 129.0 .
32 Other manufactured goods 2022* 7,611 7,611 0 6,835 6,835 . 8.2 8.2 . 111.4 111.4 .
33 Repair and installation services.. 2022* 124 124 0 104 104 . 0.9 0.9 . 119.5 119.5 .
D Electricity and gas supply 2022* 3,646 3,633 13 5,505 5,494 11 -0.5 -0.5 0.0 66.2 66.1 122.2
35 Electricity, gas, steam and air.. 2022* 3,646 3,633 13 5,505 5,494 11 -0.5 -0.5 0.0 66.2 66.1 122.2
E Water supply and waste management 2022* 5,917 3,194 2,723 5,185 2,805 2,381 -0.9 -1.2 -0.5 114.1 113.9 114.4
36 Natural water; water treatment and.. 2022* 1,177 1,177 0 1,136 1,136 . -2.5 -2.5 . 103.6 103.6 .
37-39 Waste management 2022* 4,740 2,017 2,723 4,047 1,665 2,381 -0.5 -0.4 -0.5 117.1 121.2 114.4
F Construction 2022* 816 230 586 711 190 515 -1.6 8.7 -5.3 114.8 121.3 113.7
41 Buildings and building construction.. 2022* 265 0 265 232 . 232 -7.0 . -7.0 114.3 . 114.3
42 Constructions and construction works 2022* 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . .
43 Specialised construction works 2022* 551 230 321 478 190 283 1.2 8.7 -3.9 115.2 121.3 113.3
G-I Trade, transport and vehicles repair 2022* 57,064 56,163 901 45,705 44,901 797 37.4 38.1 5.6 124.9 125.1 113.1
G Wholesale and retail trade 2022* 9,956 9,956 0 8,511 8,511 . 0.9 0.9 . 117.0 117.0 .
45 Wholesale and retail trade and.. 2022* 9,341 9,341 0 7,991 7,991 . 1.0 1.0 . 116.9 116.9 .
46 Wholesale trade services, except.. 2022* 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . .
47 Retail trade services, except of.. 2022* 615 615 0 522 522 . -0.5 -0.5 . 117.9 117.9 .
H Transportation and storage 2022* 9,812 8,959 853 8,265 7,498 765 50.9 57.7 6.0 118.7 119.5 111.5
49 Land transport services and.. 2022* 5,537 4,684 853 4,721 3,955 765 44.1 54.3 6.0 117.3 118.4 111.5
50 Water transport services 2022* 139 139 0 111 111 . 6.3 6.3 . 125.7 125.7 .
51 Air transport services 2022* 2,920 2,920 0 2,453 2,453 . 138.2 138.2 . 119.1 119.1 .
52 Warehousing and support services.. 2022* 710 710 0 606 606 . 19.7 19.7 . 117.2 117.2 .
53 Postal and courier services 2022* 506 506 0 420 420 . -17.4 -17.4 . 120.5 120.5 .
I Accommodation and food services 2022* 37,296 37,248 48 28,895 28,862 33 48.5 48.6 -2.4 129.1 129.1 144.5
55 Accommodation services 2022* 10,914 10,866 48 8,222 8,190 33 54.4 54.7 -2.4 132.7 132.7 144.5
56 Food and beverage serving services 2022* 26,382 26,382 0 20,630 20,630 . 46.2 46.2 . 127.9 127.9 .
J Information and communication 2022* 13,823 13,409 414 14,122 13,752 370 5.5 5.5 8.3 97.9 97.5 111.9
58-60 Publishing, audio-visual.. 2022* 6,269 5,858 411 5,280 4,914 367 2.5 2.1 8.4 118.7 119.2 111.9
58 Publishing services 2022* 4,357 4,357 0 3,640 3,640 . 1.0 1.0 . 119.7 119.7 .
59-60 Audio-visual and broadcasting 2022* 1,912 1,501 411 1,634 1,269 367 6.1 5.4 8.4 117.0 118.3 111.9
59 Motion picture, video and television 2022* 380 380 0 298 298 . 7.9 7.9 . 127.5 127.5 .
60 Programming and broadcasting services 2022* 1,532 1,121 411 1,347 979 367 5.6 4.6 8.4 113.8 114.5 111.9
61 Telecommunications services 2022* 7,103 7,103 0 8,515 8,515 . 7.7 7.7 . 83.4 83.4 .
62-63 Computer and information services 2022* 451 448 3 406 403 . 13.4 13.5 0.0 111.0 111.0 .
62 Computer programming, consultancy.. 2022* 206 206 0 173 173 . 4.3 4.3 . 119.0 119.0 .
63 Information services 2022* 245 242 3 240 237 . 21.8 22.1 0.0 102.3 102.3 .
K Financial institutions 2022* 29,065 29,065 0 21,432 21,432 . 1.2 1.2 . 135.6 135.6 .
64 Financial services, except. 2022* 7,664 7,664 0 3,025 3,025 . 15.1 15.1 . 253.4 253.4 .
65 Insurance, reinsurance and pension.. 2022* 20,596 20,596 0 17,668 17,668 . -0.5 -0.5 . 116.6 116.6 .
66 Services auxiliary to financial.. 2022* 805 805 0 798 798 . 0.6 0.6 . 100.9 100.9 .
L Real estate activities 2022* 80,968 76,634 4,334 68,751 64,985 3,767 1.2 1.3 -0.7 117.8 117.9 115.1
68 Real estate services 2022* 80,968 76,634 4,334 68,751 64,985 3,767 1.2 1.3 -0.7 117.8 117.9 115.1
M-N Business services 2022* 19,101 17,938 1,163 15,806 14,812 994 14.9 15.0 14.3 120.8 121.1 117.0
M Vrije beroepen en.. 2022* 4,994 4,566 428 4,070 3,707 363 -0.1 0.2 -3.5 122.7 123.2 117.9
69-71 Management, technical consultancy 2022* 4,034 3,606 428 3,280 2,917 363 -0.3 0.1 -3.5 123.0 123.6 117.9
69-70 Legal and management consultancy 2022* 3,914 3,486 428 3,174 2,810 363 -0.4 0.0 -3.5 123.3 124.0 117.9
Source: CBS.
Explanation of symbols

Table explanation


This table contains data from national accounts on the supply and use of goods and services by groups products of activities. Domestic production and imports make up the supply of goods and services. The use of goods and services consist of intermediate consumption, the consumption, fixed capital formation, exports and changes in inventories.

Data available from: 2015 up to and including 2022.

Status of the figures:
Data from 2015 up to and including 2021 are final. Data of 2022 are provisional. Since this table has been discontinued, provisional data will not become final.

Changes as of June 24th 2024:
None. This table has been discontinued.
Statistics Netherlands has carried out a revision of the national accounts. The Dutch national accounts are recently revised. New statistical sources, methods and concepts are implemented in the national accounts, in order to align the picture of the Dutch economy with all underlying source data and international guidelines for the compilation of the national accounts. For further information see section 3.

When will new figures be published?
Not applicable anymore.

Description topics

Value at current prices
The values are expressed at prices of the reporting period. Alternatively, values may be expressed at constant prices. In this case, prices of a reference period are used.
Use of goods and services
The use of different kinds of product. A distinction is made between intermediate consumption by industry and final expenditure. Final expenditure is broken down into exports, final consumption expenditure by households, final consumption expenditure by general government, gross fixed capital formation and changes in inventories. Used products are valued at purchasers' price which is the price of a product paid by the purchaser.
Final consumption expenditure
Expenditure on goods or services that are used for the direct satisfaction of individual or collective needs. Expenses may be made at home or abroad, but they are always made by resident institutional units, that is households or institutions residing in the Netherlands. By definition only households, non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs) and government institutions consume. Enterprises do not: expenses they make on goods and services are thought to serve production and are therefore classified as intermediate consumption of fixed capital formation. The general government is a special case. The government also has intermediate consumption, just like enterprises. But the output delivered by the government which is not directly paid for, non-market output (like safety), is classified as consumption by the general government. It is said that the government 'consumes its own production'. The system of national accounts demands that all that is produced is also consumed (or serves as an investment). By convention, government output is consumed by the government itself. This is not the only consumption by the general government. It also contains social transfers in kind. In the Netherlands this mainly concerns health care bills paid for by the government and an allowance for the rent.

Total
Households and NPISHs
Consumption expenditure by households and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs). Not all expenses made by households are seen as consumptive, households may invest as well. These investments mainly concern the purchase of houses and substantial costs on maintenance. Small costs on maintenance, indoor painting and the purchase of furniture is classified as consumption. This also applies to the purchase of cars and car maintenance.
General government
Consumption expenditure by the general government sector. The output delivered by the government which is not directly paid for, non-market output (like safety), is classified as consumption by the government. It is said that the government 'consumes its own production'. The system of national accounts demands that all that is produced is also consumed (or serves as an investment). By convention, government output is consumed by the government itself. This is not the only consumption by the general government. Purchases by general government of goods and services produced by market producers that are supplied to households as social transfers in kind are part of government consumption as well. Examples of this in the Netherlands are health care bills paid for by the government and an allowance for the rent.

Government output consumed by the government is classified into collective consumption and individual consumption. Collective consumption by the government consists of services for collective consumption that are provided simultaneously to all members of the community. Examples of this are expenses on defence, environmental health or public governance. Individual consumption is made up of expenses that serve only part of the community. This concerns mainly education.
Value at prices of 2015
The values are expressed at prices of the reference period 2015 by taking account of inflation. Alternatively, values may be expressed at prices of the reporting period.
Use of goods and services
The use of different kinds of product. A distinction is made between intermediate consumption by industry and final expenditure. Final expenditure is broken down into exports, final consumption expenditure by households, final consumption expenditure by general government, gross fixed capital formation and changes in inventories. Used products are valued at purchasers' price which is the price of a product paid by the purchaser.
Final consumption expenditure
Expenditure on goods or services that are used for the direct satisfaction of individual or collective needs. Expenses may be made at home or abroad, but they are always made by resident institutional units, that is households or institutions residing in the Netherlands. By definition only households, non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs) and government institutions consume. Enterprises do not: expenses they make on goods and services are thought to serve production and are therefore classified as intermediate consumption of fixed capital formation. The general government is a special case. The government also has intermediate consumption, just like enterprises. But the output delivered by the government which is not directly paid for, non-market output (like safety), is classified as consumption by the general government. It is said that the government 'consumes its own production'. The system of national accounts demands that all that is produced is also consumed (or serves as an investment). By convention, government output is consumed by the government itself. This is not the only consumption by the general government. It also contains social transfers in kind. In the Netherlands this mainly concerns health care bills paid for by the government and an allowance for the rent.

Total
Households and NPISHs
Consumption expenditure by households and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs). Not all expenses made by households are seen as consumptive, households may invest as well. These investments mainly concern the purchase of houses and substantial costs on maintenance. Small costs on maintenance, indoor painting and the purchase of furniture is classified as consumption. This also applies to the purchase of cars and car maintenance.
General government
Consumption expenditure by the general government sector. The output delivered by the government which is not directly paid for, non-market output (like safety), is classified as consumption by the government. It is said that the government 'consumes its own production'. The system of national accounts demands that all that is produced is also consumed (or serves as an investment). By convention, government output is consumed by the government itself. This is not the only consumption by the general government. Purchases by general government of goods and services produced by market producers that are supplied to households as social transfers in kind are part of government consumption as well. Examples of this in the Netherlands are health care bills paid for by the government and an allowance for the rent.

Government output consumed by the government is classified into collective consumption and individual consumption. Collective consumption by the government consists of services for collective consumption that are provided simultaneously to all members of the community. Examples of this are expenses on defence, environmental health or public governance. Individual consumption is made up of expenses that serve only part of the community. This concerns mainly education.
Volume changes on previous year
The weighted average of the changes in the quantity and quality of the components of a certain goods or service transaction or balancing item, annual percentage changes.
Use of goods and services
The use of different kinds of product. A distinction is made between intermediate consumption by industry and final expenditure. Final expenditure is broken down into exports, final consumption expenditure by households, final consumption expenditure by general government, gross fixed capital formation and changes in inventories. Used products are valued at purchasers' price which is the price of a product paid by the purchaser.
Final consumption expenditure
Expenditure on goods or services that are used for the direct satisfaction of individual or collective needs. Expenses may be made at home or abroad, but they are always made by resident institutional units, that is households or institutions residing in the Netherlands. By definition only households, non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs) and government institutions consume. Enterprises do not: expenses they make on goods and services are thought to serve production and are therefore classified as intermediate consumption of fixed capital formation. The general government is a special case. The government also has intermediate consumption, just like enterprises. But the output delivered by the government which is not directly paid for, non-market output (like safety), is classified as consumption by the general government. It is said that the government 'consumes its own production'. The system of national accounts demands that all that is produced is also consumed (or serves as an investment). By convention, government output is consumed by the government itself. This is not the only consumption by the general government. It also contains social transfers in kind. In the Netherlands this mainly concerns health care bills paid for by the government and an allowance for the rent.
Total
Households and NPISHs
Consumption expenditure by households and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs). Not all expenses made by households are seen as consumptive, households may invest as well. These investments mainly concern the purchase of houses and substantial costs on maintenance. Small costs on maintenance, indoor painting and the purchase of furniture is classified as consumption. This also applies to the purchase of cars and car maintenance.
General government
Consumption expenditure by the general government sector. The output delivered by the government which is not directly paid for, non-market output (like safety), is classified as consumption by the government. It is said that the government 'consumes its own production'. The system of national accounts demands that all that is produced is also consumed (or serves as an investment). By convention, government output is consumed by the government itself. This is not the only consumption by the general government. Purchases by general government of goods and services produced by market producers that are supplied to households as social transfers in kind are part of government consumption as well. Examples of this in the Netherlands are health care bills paid for by the government and an allowance for the rent.

Government output consumed by the government is classified into collective consumption and individual consumption. Collective consumption by the government consists of services for collective consumption that are provided simultaneously to all members of the community. Examples of this are expenses on defence, environmental health or public governance. Individual consumption is made up of expenses that serve only part of the community. This concerns mainly education.

Price indices
The weighted average of the price changes of the components of a certain variable. Deflators relative to the reference year 2015.
Use of goods and services
The use of different kinds of product. A distinction is made between intermediate consumption by industry and final expenditure. Final expenditure is broken down into exports, final consumption expenditure by households, final consumption expenditure by general government, gross fixed capital formation and changes in inventories. Used products are valued at purchasers' price which is the price of a product paid by the purchaser.
Final consumption expenditure
Expenditure on goods or services that are used for the direct satisfaction of individual or collective needs. Expenses may be made at home or abroad, but they are always made by resident institutional units, that is households or institutions residing in the Netherlands. By definition only households, non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs) and government institutions consume. Enterprises do not: expenses they make on goods and services are thought to serve production and are therefore classified as intermediate consumption of fixed capital formation. The general government is a special case. The government also has intermediate consumption, just like enterprises. But the output delivered by the government which is not directly paid for, non-market output (like safety), is classified as consumption by the general government. It is said that the government 'consumes its own production'. The system of national accounts demands that all that is produced is also consumed (or serves as an investment). By convention, government output is consumed by the government itself. This is not the only consumption by the general government. It also contains social transfers in kind. In the Netherlands this mainly concerns health care bills paid for by the government and an allowance for the rent.
Total
Households and NPISHs
Consumption expenditure by households and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs). Not all expenses made by households are seen as consumptive, households may invest as well. These investments mainly concern the purchase of houses and substantial costs on maintenance. Small costs on maintenance, indoor painting and the purchase of furniture is classified as consumption. This also applies to the purchase of cars and car maintenance.
General government
Consumption expenditure by the general government sector. The output delivered by the government which is not directly paid for, non-market output (like safety), is classified as consumption by the government. It is said that the government 'consumes its own production'. The system of national accounts demands that all that is produced is also consumed (or serves as an investment). By convention, government output is consumed by the government itself. This is not the only consumption by the general government. Purchases by general government of goods and services produced by market producers that are supplied to households as social transfers in kind are part of government consumption as well. Examples of this in the Netherlands are health care bills paid for by the government and an allowance for the rent.

Government output consumed by the government is classified into collective consumption and individual consumption. Collective consumption by the government consists of services for collective consumption that are provided simultaneously to all members of the community. Examples of this are expenses on defence, environmental health or public governance. Individual consumption is made up of expenses that serve only part of the community. This concerns mainly education.