Trade and services; turnover and production changes, index 2021=100
| Branches | Periods | Turnover Value Development compared to a year earlier Uncorrected production/turnover (%) | Turnover Value Development compared to a year earlier Calendar adjusted production/turnover (%) | Turnover Value Development compared to previous period Seasonally adjusted production/turnover (%) | Turnover Volume Development compared to a year earlier Uncorrected production/turnover (%) | Turnover Volume Development compared to a year earlier Calendar adjusted production/turnover (%) | Turnover Volume Development compared to previous period Seasonally adjusted production/turnover (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 47 Retail trade (not in motor vehicles) | 2023 October | 3.3 | 3.7 | 0.1 | -0.8 | -0.5 | 0.1 |
| 47 Retail trade (not in motor vehicles) | 2023 November | 3.3 | 3.0 | 0.3 | -0.1 | -0.5 | 0.8 |
| 47 Retail trade (not in motor vehicles) | 2023 December | 1.3 | 3.1 | -0.9 | -1.1 | 0.6 | -0.5 |
| 47 Retail trade (not in motor vehicles) | 2024 January* | 3.2 | 2.5 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 |
| 47 Retail trade (not in motor vehicles) | 2024 february* | 5.6 | 3.6 | 1.0 | 4.5 | 2.5 | 0.7 |
| 47 Retail trade (not in motor vehicles) | 2024 March* | 3.6 | 4.5 | -0.1 | 2.2 | 3.2 | -0.5 |
| 47 Retail trade (not in motor vehicles) | 2024 1st quarter* | 4.1 | 3.6 | 1.0 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 1.4 |
| 47 Retail trade (not in motor vehicles) | 2024 April* | 3.9 | 3.0 | -0.8 | 2.8 | 1.9 | -1.0 |
| 47 Retail trade (not in motor vehicles) | 2024 May* | 4.3 | 3.0 | 0.5 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 0.6 |
| 47 Retail trade (not in motor vehicles) | 2024 June* | -2.3 | -0.5 | -0.8 | -3.7 | -1.9 | -1.5 |
| 47 Retail trade (not in motor vehicles) | 2024 2nd quarter* | 1.9 | 1.8 | -0.5 | 0.8 | 0.8 | -1.2 |
| 47 Retail trade (not in motor vehicles) | 2024 July* | 4.0 | 2.9 | 0.6 | 3.0 | 1.9 | 0.6 |
| 47 Retail trade (not in motor vehicles) | 2024 August* | 3.6 | 2.8 | 1.3 | 3.1 | 2.4 | 1.0 |
| 47 Retail trade (not in motor vehicles) | 2024 September* | 0.0 | 2.6 | 0.1 | -0.9 | 1.5 | -0.1 |
| 47 Retail trade (not in motor vehicles) | 2024 3rd quarter* | 2.5 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 0.4 |
| 47 Retail trade (not in motor vehicles) | 2024 October* | 4.2 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 2.8 | 0.7 | -0.4 |
| 471 Non-specialised retail sales. | 2023 October | 5.4 | 7.3 | 0.8 | -2.2 | -0.5 | 0.9 |
| 471 Non-specialised retail sales. | 2023 November | 6.8 | 6.0 | 0.1 | 0.6 | -0.2 | -0.1 |
| 471 Non-specialised retail sales. | 2023 December | 2.6 | 4.8 | -1.8 | -1.3 | 0.8 | -1.6 |
| 471 Non-specialised retail sales. | 2024 January* | 2.4 | 2.2 | 0.0 | -0.4 | -0.5 | 0.1 |
| 471 Non-specialised retail sales. | 2024 february* | 4.6 | 0.8 | -0.1 | 3.2 | -0.5 | 0.1 |
| 471 Non-specialised retail sales. | 2024 March* | 0.8 | 0.5 | -0.5 | -0.5 | -0.9 | -1.0 |
| 471 Non-specialised retail sales. | 2024 1st quarter* | 2.5 | 1.2 | -1.4 | 0.7 | -0.6 | -1.3 |
| 471 Non-specialised retail sales. | 2024 April* | 0.0 | -0.2 | -0.1 | -1.5 | -1.7 | -0.4 |
| 471 Non-specialised retail sales. | 2024 May* | 3.2 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 2.0 | -0.8 | 0.3 |
| 471 Non-specialised retail sales. | 2024 June* | -5.2 | -3.2 | -1.0 | -7.0 | -5.1 | -1.8 |
| 471 Non-specialised retail sales. | 2024 2nd quarter* | -0.7 | -1.0 | -0.4 | -2.2 | -2.5 | -1.5 |
| 471 Non-specialised retail sales. | 2024 July* | -1.4 | -1.6 | -0.1 | -3.4 | -3.6 | -0.5 |
| 471 Non-specialised retail sales. | 2024 August* | 0.9 | -1.9 | -0.1 | -1.6 | -4.3 | -0.4 |
| 471 Non-specialised retail sales. | 2024 September* | -6.1 | -1.2 | 0.7 | -9.0 | -4.1 | 0.1 |
| 471 Non-specialised retail sales. | 2024 3rd quarter* | -2.2 | -1.5 | -0.4 | -4.7 | -4.0 | -1.7 |
| 471 Non-specialised retail sales. | 2024 October* | 1.6 | -1.5 | 0.4 | -1.5 | -4.5 | 0.2 |
| 4711 Supermarkets and similar stores | 2023 October | 5.7 | 7.7 | 0.7 | -2.3 | -0.4 | 0.6 |
| 4711 Supermarkets and similar stores | 2023 November | 7.0 | 6.0 | -0.5 | 0.4 | -0.6 | -0.8 |
| 4711 Supermarkets and similar stores | 2023 December | 2.6 | 5.1 | -1.5 | -2.0 | 0.4 | -1.4 |
| 4711 Supermarkets and similar stores | 2024 January* | 2.0 | 1.9 | 0.0 | -1.3 | -1.4 | -0.2 |
| 4711 Supermarkets and similar stores | 2024 february* | 4.2 | 0.0 | -0.2 | 2.3 | -1.8 | 0.0 |
| 4711 Supermarkets and similar stores | 2024 March* | 0.0 | -0.1 | -0.6 | -1.8 | -2.0 | -1.1 |
| 4711 Supermarkets and similar stores | 2024 1st quarter* | 2.0 | 0.6 | -1.5 | -0.4 | -1.7 | -1.7 |
| 4711 Supermarkets and similar stores | 2024 April* | -0.2 | -0.6 | -0.1 | -2.3 | -2.7 | -0.5 |
| 4711 Supermarkets and similar stores | 2024 May* | 2.3 | -0.7 | 0.4 | 0.3 | -2.6 | 0.1 |
| 4711 Supermarkets and similar stores | 2024 June* | -5.8 | -3.5 | -0.8 | -8.1 | -5.9 | -1.6 |
| 4711 Supermarkets and similar stores | 2024 2nd quarter* | -1.2 | -1.6 | -0.5 | -3.4 | -3.7 | -1.7 |
| 4711 Supermarkets and similar stores | 2024 July* | -2.1 | -2.3 | -0.4 | -5.0 | -5.2 | -1.0 |
| 4711 Supermarkets and similar stores | 2024 August* | 0.3 | -2.7 | -0.1 | -3.0 | -5.8 | -0.5 |
| 4711 Supermarkets and similar stores | 2024 September* | -7.8 | -2.8 | 0.4 | -11.1 | -6.3 | -0.1 |
| 4711 Supermarkets and similar stores | 2024 3rd quarter* | -3.2 | -2.6 | -0.8 | -6.4 | -5.8 | -2.4 |
| 4711 Supermarkets and similar stores | 2024 October* | 0.4 | -2.9 | 0.4 | -3.3 | -6.4 | 0.2 |
| 472 Specialised shops selling food | 2023 October | 0.8 | 2.4 | 0.0 | -2.0 | -0.5 | -0.4 |
| 472 Specialised shops selling food | 2023 November | 3.2 | 2.3 | 0.3 | -0.1 | -1.0 | 0.8 |
| 472 Specialised shops selling food | 2023 December | 0.2 | 2.8 | -0.3 | -2.4 | 0.2 | -0.3 |
| 472 Specialised shops selling food | 2024 January* | 4.8 | 3.5 | 2.0 | 1.1 | -0.1 | 1.9 |
| 472 Specialised shops selling food | 2024 february* | 6.1 | 4.8 | 0.5 | 3.6 | 2.3 | 0.2 |
| 472 Specialised shops selling food | 2024 March* | 7.5 | 6.0 | 1.6 | 4.2 | 2.8 | 0.8 |
| 472 Specialised shops selling food | 2024 1st quarter* | 6.2 | 4.8 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 1.7 | 2.3 |
| 472 Specialised shops selling food | 2024 April* | 0.2 | 2.2 | -1.7 | -2.9 | -0.9 | -2.4 |
| 472 Specialised shops selling food | 2024 May* | 6.3 | 4.1 | 1.7 | 3.3 | 1.1 | 1.2 |
| 472 Specialised shops selling food | 2024 June* | 3.0 | 5.2 | 0.6 | -0.5 | 1.6 | -0.1 |
| 472 Specialised shops selling food | 2024 2nd quarter* | 3.2 | 3.9 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.6 | -1.1 |
| 472 Specialised shops selling food | 2024 July* | 7.9 | 8.1 | 2.5 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 1.3 |
| 472 Specialised shops selling food | 2024 August* | 12.2 | 8.9 | 0.4 | 7.6 | 4.4 | 0.1 |
| 472 Specialised shops selling food | 2024 September* | 2.3 | 6.9 | -0.8 | -2.3 | 2.1 | -0.6 |
| 472 Specialised shops selling food | 2024 3rd quarter* | 7.4 | 8.0 | 3.5 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 1.5 |
| 472 Specialised shops selling food | 2024 October* | 8.7 | 6.3 | -0.3 | 4.2 | 1.9 | -0.5 |
| 474 Shops selling consumer electronics | 2023 October | -6.0 | -6.0 | -3.8 | -7.3 | -7.3 | -4.5 |
| 474 Shops selling consumer electronics | 2023 November | 1.3 | 1.3 | 9.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 12.6 |
| 474 Shops selling consumer electronics | 2023 December | -6.0 | -6.0 | -7.1 | -6.9 | -6.9 | -8.3 |
| 474 Shops selling consumer electronics | 2024 January* | -10.7 | -10.7 | -2.4 | -12.5 | -12.5 | -4.2 |
| 474 Shops selling consumer electronics | 2024 february* | 2.7 | 2.7 | 7.2 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 7.8 |
| 474 Shops selling consumer electronics | 2024 March* | -5.8 | -5.8 | -3.9 | -3.7 | -3.7 | -2.6 |
| 474 Shops selling consumer electronics | 2024 1st quarter* | -5.3 | -5.3 | -1.1 | -5.2 | -5.2 | -2.1 |
| 474 Shops selling consumer electronics | 2024 April* | 4.5 | 4.5 | 5.9 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 7.0 |
| 474 Shops selling consumer electronics | 2024 May* | 5.0 | 5.0 | -0.6 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 0.1 |
| 474 Shops selling consumer electronics | 2024 June* | 2.2 | 2.2 | -1.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | -0.7 |
| 474 Shops selling consumer electronics | 2024 2nd quarter* | 3.8 | 3.8 | 4.6 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.5 |
| 474 Shops selling consumer electronics | 2024 July* | 0.6 | 0.6 | -1.6 | 4.4 | 4.4 | -0.7 |
| 474 Shops selling consumer electronics | 2024 August* | 3.8 | 3.8 | 2.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 0.2 |
| 474 Shops selling consumer electronics | 2024 September* | 3.8 | 3.8 | 0.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | -0.2 |
| 474 Shops selling consumer electronics | 2024 3rd quarter* | 2.7 | 2.7 | -0.7 | 5.1 | 5.1 | -1.0 |
| 474 Shops selling consumer electronics | 2024 October* | 9.0 | 9.0 | 1.3 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 0.5 |
| 475 Shops for other household equipment | 2023 October | -1.5 | -1.3 | 1.0 | -4.4 | -4.3 | 0.1 |
| 475 Shops for other household equipment | 2023 November | -1.8 | -2.0 | -0.2 | -3.5 | -3.7 | 0.4 |
| 475 Shops for other household equipment | 2023 December | -4.9 | -2.3 | -1.0 | -4.7 | -2.0 | -0.3 |
| 475 Shops for other household equipment | 2024 January* | -3.1 | -4.1 | -0.5 | -2.4 | -3.4 | 0.3 |
| 475 Shops for other household equipment | 2024 february* | 1.6 | 0.8 | 2.5 | 5.4 | 4.6 | 4.2 |
| 475 Shops for other household equipment | 2024 March* | -3.5 | -1.8 | -2.0 | -0.4 | 1.3 | -2.4 |
| 475 Shops for other household equipment | 2024 1st quarter* | -1.8 | -1.8 | -0.3 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 2.1 |
| 475 Shops for other household equipment | 2024 April* | -0.6 | -1.5 | -1.2 | 3.2 | 2.2 | -0.6 |
| 475 Shops for other household equipment | 2024 May* | -2.8 | -3.6 | -1.1 | 4.0 | 3.1 | 0.8 |
| 475 Shops for other household equipment | 2024 June* | -6.2 | -4.5 | -0.4 | -1.3 | 0.5 | -1.8 |
| 475 Shops for other household equipment | 2024 2nd quarter* | -3.2 | -3.2 | -2.5 | 2.0 | 2.0 | -0.9 |
| 475 Shops for other household equipment | 2024 July* | -1.8 | -3.1 | 0.4 | 4.3 | 3.0 | 1.4 |
| 475 Shops for other household equipment | 2024 August* | -0.8 | -1.1 | 2.4 | 4.2 | 3.8 | 1.4 |
| 475 Shops for other household equipment | 2024 September* | -2.3 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 3.5 | -0.4 |
| 475 Shops for other household equipment | 2024 3rd quarter* | -1.6 | -1.3 | 1.4 | 3.1 | 3.5 | 1.3 |
| 475 Shops for other household equipment | 2024 October* | 1.9 | -0.9 | -0.1 | 4.8 | 1.9 | -1.1 |
| 4752 Shops for do-it-yourself articles | 2023 October | -3.8 | -4.2 | -0.8 | -6.4 | -6.7 | -1.2 |
| 4752 Shops for do-it-yourself articles | 2023 November | -1.6 | -1.9 | 2.7 | -3.5 | -3.7 | 2.8 |
| 4752 Shops for do-it-yourself articles | 2023 December | -6.1 | -3.1 | -2.4 | -6.9 | -3.9 | -1.9 |
| 4752 Shops for do-it-yourself articles | 2024 January* | -0.1 | -0.8 | 1.6 | 0.1 | -0.6 | 2.1 |
| 4752 Shops for do-it-yourself articles | 2024 february* | 3.9 | 3.0 | 1.4 | 6.4 | 5.4 | 3.0 |
| 4752 Shops for do-it-yourself articles | 2024 March* | 2.2 | 4.3 | 0.0 | 4.0 | 6.2 | -0.9 |
| 4752 Shops for do-it-yourself articles | 2024 1st quarter* | 2.0 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 3.4 |
| 4752 Shops for do-it-yourself articles | 2024 April* | 4.7 | 3.0 | -0.9 | 7.1 | 5.3 | -0.4 |
| 4752 Shops for do-it-yourself articles | 2024 May* | 1.8 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 6.7 | 6.1 | 1.9 |
| 4752 Shops for do-it-yourself articles | 2024 June* | -4.0 | -1.8 | -1.6 | -0.9 | 1.4 | -2.7 |
| 4752 Shops for do-it-yourself articles | 2024 2nd quarter* | 0.8 | 0.8 | -0.9 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 0.4 |
| 4752 Shops for do-it-yourself articles | 2024 July* | 3.6 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 7.2 | 5.6 | 1.6 |
| 4752 Shops for do-it-yourself articles | 2024 August* | 6.8 | 6.8 | 4.9 | 10.0 | 9.9 | 4.6 |
| 4752 Shops for do-it-yourself articles | 2024 September* | 2.4 | 4.6 | -1.9 | 3.8 | 6.0 | -2.8 |
| 4752 Shops for do-it-yourself articles | 2024 3rd quarter* | 4.2 | 4.4 | 3.1 | 6.9 | 7.1 | 2.5 |
| 4752 Shops for do-it-yourself articles | 2024 October* | 9.9 | 7.1 | 1.1 | 10.8 | 8.1 | 0.6 |
| 47528 Builder's merchants | 2023 October | 1.7 | 1.7 | -1.0 | -1.0 | -1.0 | -1.4 |
| 47528 Builder's merchants | 2023 November | 7.1 | 7.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.3 |
| 47528 Builder's merchants | 2023 December | -1.6 | -1.6 | -6.2 | -2.4 | -2.4 | -5.8 |
| 47528 Builder's merchants | 2024 January* | 0.4 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.8 |
| 47528 Builder's merchants | 2024 february* | 5.4 | 5.4 | 2.1 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 3.7 |
| 47528 Builder's merchants | 2024 March* | 8.4 | 8.4 | 1.1 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 0.2 |
| 47528 Builder's merchants | 2024 1st quarter* | 4.9 | 4.9 | 0.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 2.0 |
| 47528 Builder's merchants | 2024 April* | 2.9 | 2.9 | -1.4 | 5.2 | 5.2 | -0.9 |
| 47528 Builder's merchants | 2024 May* | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 2.1 |
| 47528 Builder's merchants | 2024 June* | -4.1 | -4.1 | -1.5 | -1.0 | -1.0 | -2.7 |
| 47528 Builder's merchants | 2024 2nd quarter* | -0.1 | -0.1 | -0.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 1.0 |
| 47528 Builder's merchants | 2024 July* | 2.3 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 1.8 |
| 47528 Builder's merchants | 2024 August* | 5.2 | 5.2 | 2.7 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 2.4 |
| 47528 Builder's merchants | 2024 September* | 1.1 | 1.1 | -2.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | -3.3 |
| 47528 Builder's merchants | 2024 3rd quarter* | 2.9 | 2.9 | 1.7 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 1.2 |
| 47528 Builder's merchants | 2024 October* | 5.1 | 5.1 | 2.1 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 1.5 |
| 4759 Shops for other household articles | 2023 October | 1.2 | 2.0 | 3.0 | -2.5 | -1.7 | 1.8 |
| 4759 Shops for other household articles | 2023 November | -1.4 | -1.7 | -3.1 | -3.1 | -3.5 | -2.6 |
| 4759 Shops for other household articles | 2023 December | -3.7 | -1.7 | 0.0 | -2.5 | -0.5 | 1.6 |
| 4759 Shops for other household articles | 2024 January* | -6.0 | -7.4 | -2.8 | -5.5 | -6.8 | -2.2 |
| 4759 Shops for other household articles | 2024 february* | -0.7 | -1.4 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 6.0 |
| 4759 Shops for other household articles | 2024 March* | -8.8 | -7.9 | -4.1 | -4.5 | -3.6 | -4.1 |
| 4759 Shops for other household articles | 2024 1st quarter* | -5.4 | -5.7 | -2.6 | -2.3 | -2.6 | 0.5 |
| 4759 Shops for other household articles | 2024 April* | -6.4 | -6.2 | -1.3 | -1.1 | -0.9 | -0.4 |
| 4759 Shops for other household articles | 2024 May* | -8.2 | -9.3 | -2.7 | 0.5 | -0.7 | -1.1 |
| 4759 Shops for other household articles | 2024 June* | -8.8 | -7.9 | 1.1 | -1.9 | -0.9 | -0.1 |
| 4759 Shops for other household articles | 2024 2nd quarter* | -7.8 | -7.8 | -4.1 | -0.8 | -0.8 | -2.0 |
| 4759 Shops for other household articles | 2024 July* | -7.9 | -8.5 | -0.7 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.3 |
| 4759 Shops for other household articles | 2024 August* | -8.4 | -9.2 | -0.6 | -1.5 | -2.3 | -2.3 |
| 4759 Shops for other household articles | 2024 September* | -7.1 | -3.9 | 2.4 | -2.2 | 1.2 | 2.5 |
| 4759 Shops for other household articles | 2024 3rd quarter* | -7.8 | -7.2 | -0.5 | -0.8 | -0.2 | 0.1 |
| 4759 Shops for other household articles | 2024 October* | -5.7 | -8.5 | -1.3 | -1.2 | -4.1 | -2.6 |
| 476 Shops selling recreation goods | 2023 October | -0.5 | 0.0 | -0.1 | -3.8 | -3.3 | -0.4 |
| 476 Shops selling recreation goods | 2023 November | -7.6 | -7.8 | -2.0 | -8.3 | -8.5 | -1.1 |
| 476 Shops selling recreation goods | 2023 December | -8.3 | -7.0 | 1.9 | -8.6 | -7.3 | 1.5 |
| 476 Shops selling recreation goods | 2024 January* | 1.0 | 1.6 | 6.5 | -0.1 | 0.5 | 6.1 |
| 476 Shops selling recreation goods | 2024 february* | 2.3 | -0.2 | -3.2 | 2.4 | -0.1 | -3.0 |
| 476 Shops selling recreation goods | 2024 March* | 5.8 | 6.1 | 2.9 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 2.6 |
| 476 Shops selling recreation goods | 2024 1st quarter* | 3.2 | 2.7 | 5.8 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 5.6 |
| 476 Shops selling recreation goods | 2024 April* | 0.7 | 0.9 | -3.6 | 1.0 | 1.1 | -3.4 |
| 476 Shops selling recreation goods | 2024 May* | 1.0 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 1.4 |
| 476 Shops selling recreation goods | 2024 June* | -5.1 | -4.9 | -3.6 | -4.4 | -4.2 | -3.7 |
| 476 Shops selling recreation goods | 2024 2nd quarter* | -1.3 | -1.3 | -2.8 | -0.7 | -0.7 | -3.0 |
| 476 Shops selling recreation goods | 2024 July* | -1.0 | -1.1 | 0.5 | -0.6 | -0.7 | 0.4 |
| 476 Shops selling recreation goods | 2024 August* | 4.4 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 2.7 |
| 476 Shops selling recreation goods | 2024 September* | 2.7 | 3.9 | -0.3 | 0.0 | 1.1 | -0.9 |
| 476 Shops selling recreation goods | 2024 3rd quarter* | 1.9 | 2.0 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.8 | -0.2 |
| 476 Shops selling recreation goods | 2024 October* | 8.7 | 7.8 | 2.1 | 6.1 | 5.2 | 2.0 |
| 477 Shops selling other goods | 2023 October | 4.2 | 4.0 | -1.4 | 1.3 | 1.1 | -1.7 |
| 477 Shops selling other goods | 2023 November | 4.1 | 4.0 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.3 |
| 477 Shops selling other goods | 2023 December | 4.4 | 5.8 | 0.2 | 2.7 | 4.2 | 0.4 |
| 477 Shops selling other goods | 2024 January* | 8.0 | 6.8 | 2.4 | 7.8 | 6.7 | 3.9 |
| 477 Shops selling other goods | 2024 february* | 7.8 | 5.7 | 0.0 | 6.4 | 4.4 | -1.8 |
| 477 Shops selling other goods | 2024 March* | 9.0 | 10.6 | 0.8 | 7.2 | 8.9 | 0.3 |
| 477 Shops selling other goods | 2024 1st quarter* | 8.3 | 7.9 | 3.3 | 7.2 | 6.7 | 3.6 |
| 477 Shops selling other goods | 2024 April* | 3.9 | 2.8 | -3.7 | 3.0 | 1.8 | -3.8 |
| 477 Shops selling other goods | 2024 May* | 5.4 | 5.0 | 2.6 | 5.1 | 4.7 | 2.3 |
| 477 Shops selling other goods | 2024 June* | -4.0 | -2.7 | -3.0 | -6.5 | -5.2 | -3.8 |
| 477 Shops selling other goods | 2024 2nd quarter* | 1.7 | 1.7 | -2.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | -4.0 |
| 477 Shops selling other goods | 2024 July* | 6.0 | 4.6 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 1.8 | 2.9 |
| 477 Shops selling other goods | 2024 August* | 4.5 | 4.7 | 1.4 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 1.1 |
| 477 Shops selling other goods | 2024 September* | 1.6 | 3.0 | 0.0 | -1.2 | 0.2 | -0.3 |
| 477 Shops selling other goods | 2024 3rd quarter* | 4.0 | 4.1 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.6 |
| 477 Shops selling other goods | 2024 October* | 5.9 | 4.4 | 0.5 | 3.3 | 1.7 | 0.1 |
| 4771 Shops selling clothing | 2023 October | 1.7 | 1.7 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.6 |
| 4771 Shops selling clothing | 2023 November | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | -0.1 | -0.1 | 2.1 |
| 4771 Shops selling clothing | 2023 December | 3.8 | 3.8 | -0.6 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 0.0 |
| 4771 Shops selling clothing | 2024 January* | 4.8 | 4.8 | 2.1 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 6.7 |
| 4771 Shops selling clothing | 2024 february* | 0.6 | 0.6 | -0.2 | 2.7 | 2.7 | -4.2 |
| 4771 Shops selling clothing | 2024 March* | 9.3 | 9.3 | 1.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 1.5 |
| 4771 Shops selling clothing | 2024 1st quarter* | 5.2 | 5.2 | 2.7 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 5.0 |
| 4771 Shops selling clothing | 2024 April* | -2.0 | -2.0 | -7.1 | 0.7 | 0.7 | -6.9 |
| 4771 Shops selling clothing | 2024 May* | 5.1 | 5.1 | 7.3 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 6.4 |
| 4771 Shops selling clothing | 2024 June* | -7.7 | -7.7 | -4.1 | -9.1 | -9.1 | -4.9 |
| 4771 Shops selling clothing | 2024 2nd quarter* | -1.6 | -1.6 | -2.9 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -5.0 |
| 4771 Shops selling clothing | 2024 July* | 4.4 | 4.4 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.8 |
| 4771 Shops selling clothing | 2024 August* | 2.1 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 5.9 | 5.9 | -0.7 |
| 4771 Shops selling clothing | 2024 September* | 8.1 | 8.1 | 1.2 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 0.1 |
| 4771 Shops selling clothing | 2024 3rd quarter* | 4.9 | 4.9 | 2.2 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 2.0 |
| 4771 Shops selling clothing | 2024 October* | 2.7 | 2.7 | -0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | -0.8 |
| 4772 Shops for footwear, leather goods | 2023 October | 3.8 | 3.8 | 8.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 7.0 |
| 4772 Shops for footwear, leather goods | 2023 November | -0.6 | -0.6 | 2.2 | -3.9 | -3.9 | 2.0 |
| 4772 Shops for footwear, leather goods | 2023 December | -3.7 | -3.7 | -3.2 | -5.2 | -5.2 | -3.0 |
| 4772 Shops for footwear, leather goods | 2024 January* | -0.7 | -0.7 | 3.9 | -2.2 | -2.2 | 3.4 |
| 4772 Shops for footwear, leather goods | 2024 february* | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 2.5 |
| 4772 Shops for footwear, leather goods | 2024 March* | 9.3 | 9.3 | -0.6 | 5.9 | 5.9 | -2.1 |
| 4772 Shops for footwear, leather goods | 2024 1st quarter* | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 2.9 |
| 4772 Shops for footwear, leather goods | 2024 April* | 0.4 | 0.4 | -3.5 | -5.3 | -5.3 | -4.5 |
| 4772 Shops for footwear, leather goods | 2024 May* | 5.1 | 5.1 | 3.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.8 |
| 4772 Shops for footwear, leather goods | 2024 June* | -3.7 | -3.7 | -5.1 | -7.4 | -7.4 | -4.8 |
| 4772 Shops for footwear, leather goods | 2024 2nd quarter* | 0.7 | 0.7 | -2.3 | -4.2 | -4.2 | -4.2 |
| 4772 Shops for footwear, leather goods | 2024 July* | 3.5 | 3.5 | 1.8 | -0.3 | -0.3 | 2.4 |
| 4772 Shops for footwear, leather goods | 2024 August* | 8.3 | 8.3 | 5.5 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.2 |
| 4772 Shops for footwear, leather goods | 2024 September* | 14.3 | 14.3 | -2.7 | 14.2 | 14.2 | -2.3 |
| 4772 Shops for footwear, leather goods | 2024 3rd quarter* | 8.5 | 8.5 | 2.4 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 4.3 |
| 4772 Shops for footwear, leather goods | 2024 October* | -1.5 | -1.5 | -3.4 | -2.1 | -2.1 | -4.0 |
| 47741 Drugstores | 2023 October | 5.6 | 5.9 | -0.5 | -1.4 | -1.1 | -0.4 |
| 47741 Drugstores | 2023 November | 7.3 | 7.6 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.6 |
| 47741 Drugstores | 2023 December | 5.0 | 7.6 | -0.1 | 0.2 | 2.7 | 0.2 |
| 47741 Drugstores | 2024 January* | 12.1 | 9.9 | 4.1 | 8.1 | 5.9 | 3.9 |
| 47741 Drugstores | 2024 february* | 10.4 | 4.8 | -3.5 | 6.8 | 1.4 | -4.1 |
| 47741 Drugstores | 2024 March* | 9.2 | 10.7 | 1.7 | 7.0 | 8.5 | 1.8 |
| 47741 Drugstores | 2024 1st quarter* | 10.6 | 8.6 | 2.7 | 7.3 | 5.3 | 2.3 |
| 47741 Drugstores | 2024 April* | 7.3 | 6.7 | 0.7 | 5.0 | 4.4 | 0.3 |
| 47741 Drugstores | 2024 May* | 8.5 | 7.2 | 1.7 | 6.4 | 5.1 | 1.6 |
| 47741 Drugstores | 2024 June* | 0.9 | 2.7 | -0.5 | -1.0 | 0.8 | -0.7 |
| 47741 Drugstores | 2024 2nd quarter* | 5.4 | 5.5 | 1.5 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 1.0 |
| 47741 Drugstores | 2024 July* | 8.5 | 6.7 | 0.7 | 7.1 | 5.4 | 0.9 |
| 47741 Drugstores | 2024 August* | 12.4 | 11.7 | 3.2 | 9.7 | 9.0 | 2.8 |
| 47741 Drugstores | 2024 September* | 3.5 | 8.2 | -1.2 | 2.0 | 6.6 | -1.6 |
| 47741 Drugstores | 2024 3rd quarter* | 8.2 | 8.8 | 2.7 | 6.3 | 6.9 | 2.3 |
| 47741 Drugstores | 2024 October* | 10.5 | 6.7 | -1.0 | 8.3 | 4.7 | -1.3 |
| 479 Retail sale not via store or market | 2023 October | 9.7 | 8.1 | 1.7 | 8.5 | 7.0 | 1.9 |
| 479 Retail sale not via store or market | 2023 November | 4.1 | 4.1 | -1.7 | 3.3 | 3.3 | -1.2 |
| 479 Retail sale not via store or market | 2023 December | 2.7 | 4.1 | -1.1 | 2.5 | 3.9 | -1.1 |
| 479 Retail sale not via store or market | 2024 January* | 5.7 | 4.3 | 0.7 | 5.6 | 4.2 | 0.7 |
| 479 Retail sale not via store or market | 2024 february* | 10.0 | 9.3 | 4.3 | 10.5 | 9.8 | 4.3 |
| 479 Retail sale not via store or market | 2024 March* | 6.4 | 9.4 | 0.2 | 7.0 | 10.1 | 0.1 |
| 479 Retail sale not via store or market | 2024 1st quarter* | 7.3 | 7.6 | 2.3 | 7.6 | 7.9 | 2.5 |
| 479 Retail sale not via store or market | 2024 April* | 11.9 | 8.9 | 0.3 | 13.3 | 10.2 | 0.5 |
| 479 Retail sale not via store or market | 2024 May* | 8.2 | 8.1 | -0.7 | 9.8 | 9.8 | -0.9 |
| 479 Retail sale not via store or market | 2024 June* | 7.8 | 10.9 | 2.8 | 9.0 | 12.1 | 3.0 |
| 479 Retail sale not via store or market | 2024 2nd quarter* | 9.3 | 9.3 | 2.2 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 2.3 |
| 479 Retail sale not via store or market | 2024 July* | 12.3 | 9.3 | 0.2 | 13.0 | 10.0 | 0.3 |
| 479 Retail sale not via store or market | 2024 August* | 8.1 | 9.6 | 1.3 | 9.6 | 11.1 | 1.2 |
| 479 Retail sale not via store or market | 2024 September* | 11.3 | 11.3 | 1.5 | 11.5 | 11.4 | 1.0 |
| 479 Retail sale not via store or market | 2024 3rd quarter* | 10.6 | 10.0 | 3.2 | 11.4 | 10.8 | 3.2 |
| 479 Retail sale not via store or market | 2024 October* | 7.2 | 5.8 | -1.7 | 7.5 | 6.0 | -1.6 |
| 4791 Retail sale via internet | 2023 October | 10.0 | 8.5 | 1.8 | 8.7 | 7.2 | 1.9 |
| 4791 Retail sale via internet | 2023 November | 4.3 | 4.3 | -1.8 | 3.5 | 3.5 | -1.3 |
| 4791 Retail sale via internet | 2023 December | 2.8 | 4.2 | -1.2 | 2.5 | 4.0 | -1.1 |
| 4791 Retail sale via internet | 2024 January* | 5.9 | 4.5 | 0.7 | 5.8 | 4.4 | 0.8 |
| 4791 Retail sale via internet | 2024 february* | 10.6 | 10.2 | 4.6 | 11.1 | 10.7 | 4.6 |
| 4791 Retail sale via internet | 2024 March* | 7.0 | 10.0 | 0.2 | 7.7 | 10.7 | 0.2 |
| 4791 Retail sale via internet | 2024 1st quarter* | 7.7 | 8.1 | 2.5 | 8.1 | 8.5 | 2.7 |
| 4791 Retail sale via internet | 2024 April* | 12.4 | 9.4 | 0.2 | 13.9 | 10.8 | 0.4 |
| 4791 Retail sale via internet | 2024 May* | 8.3 | 8.3 | -0.8 | 10.0 | 10.1 | -0.9 |
| 4791 Retail sale via internet | 2024 June* | 8.4 | 11.4 | 2.8 | 9.7 | 12.7 | 3.0 |
| 4791 Retail sale via internet | 2024 2nd quarter* | 9.6 | 9.7 | 2.3 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 2.5 |
| 4791 Retail sale via internet | 2024 July* | 12.0 | 9.0 | -0.1 | 12.8 | 9.8 | 0.1 |
| 4791 Retail sale via internet | 2024 August* | 8.2 | 9.7 | 1.4 | 9.8 | 11.3 | 1.3 |
| 4791 Retail sale via internet | 2024 September* | 11.4 | 11.4 | 1.5 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 1.0 |
| 4791 Retail sale via internet | 2024 3rd quarter* | 10.5 | 10.0 | 3.0 | 11.4 | 10.9 | 3.0 |
| 4791 Retail sale via internet | 2024 October* | 7.1 | 5.7 | -1.7 | 7.5 | 6.1 | -1.6 |
| 4711, 472 Shops in food | 2023 October | 5.1 | 7.1 | 0.6 | -2.3 | -0.4 | 0.5 |
| 4711, 472 Shops in food | 2023 November | 6.5 | 5.5 | -0.4 | 0.3 | -0.7 | -0.6 |
| 4711, 472 Shops in food | 2023 December | 2.2 | 4.7 | -1.4 | -2.0 | 0.3 | -1.3 |
| 4711, 472 Shops in food | 2024 January* | 2.3 | 2.1 | 0.2 | -1.0 | -1.3 | 0.1 |
| 4711, 472 Shops in food | 2024 february* | 4.4 | 0.6 | -0.1 | 2.5 | -1.3 | 0.0 |
| 4711, 472 Shops in food | 2024 March* | 0.9 | 0.6 | -0.3 | -1.1 | -1.4 | -0.8 |
| 4711, 472 Shops in food | 2024 1st quarter* | 2.5 | 1.1 | -1.0 | 0.1 | -1.3 | -1.2 |
| 4711, 472 Shops in food | 2024 April* | -0.1 | -0.2 | -0.3 | -2.3 | -2.5 | -0.7 |
| 4711, 472 Shops in food | 2024 May* | 2.8 | -0.1 | 0.6 | 0.7 | -2.1 | 0.2 |
| 4711, 472 Shops in food | 2024 June* | -4.7 | -2.4 | -0.7 | -7.1 | -4.9 | -1.4 |
| 4711, 472 Shops in food | 2024 2nd quarter* | -0.7 | -0.9 | -0.3 | -2.9 | -3.2 | -1.6 |
| 4711, 472 Shops in food | 2024 July* | -0.9 | -1.1 | -0.1 | -3.9 | -4.1 | -0.7 |
| 4711, 472 Shops in food | 2024 August* | 1.7 | -1.3 | -0.1 | -1.7 | -4.6 | -0.4 |
| 4711, 472 Shops in food | 2024 September* | -6.5 | -1.6 | 0.3 | -10.0 | -5.2 | -0.2 |
| 4711, 472 Shops in food | 2024 3rd quarter* | -1.9 | -1.3 | -0.3 | -5.2 | -4.6 | -1.9 |
| 4711, 472 Shops in food | 2024 October* | 1.4 | -1.8 | 0.3 | -2.3 | -5.4 | 0.1 |
| Retail trade (no motor veh., petrol) | 2023 October | 4.1 | 4.6 | 0.3 | -0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 |
| Retail trade (no motor veh., petrol) | 2023 November | 3.7 | 3.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.1 | 0.5 |
| Retail trade (no motor veh., petrol) | 2023 December | 1.4 | 3.2 | -1.0 | -0.6 | 1.2 | -0.9 |
| Retail trade (no motor veh., petrol) | 2024 January* | 3.1 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 1.3 |
| Retail trade (no motor veh., petrol) | 2024 february* | 5.7 | 3.5 | 1.0 | 5.4 | 3.3 | 0.9 |
| Retail trade (no motor veh., petrol) | 2024 March* | 3.4 | 4.3 | -0.1 | 3.0 | 3.9 | -0.4 |
| Retail trade (no motor veh., petrol) | 2024 1st quarter* | 4.0 | 3.4 | 0.9 | 3.4 | 2.8 | 1.4 |
| Retail trade (no motor veh., petrol) | 2024 April* | 2.8 | 2.0 | -1.2 | 2.8 | 2.0 | -1.2 |
| Retail trade (no motor veh., petrol) | 2024 May* | 3.8 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 4.4 | 3.1 | 0.7 |
| Retail trade (no motor veh., petrol) | 2024 June* | -2.6 | -0.8 | -0.8 | -2.9 | -1.1 | -1.4 |
| Retail trade (no motor veh., petrol) | 2024 2nd quarter* | 1.3 | 1.2 | -0.7 | 1.4 | 1.3 | -1.2 |
| Retail trade (no motor veh., petrol) | 2024 July* | 2.8 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 0.8 |
| Retail trade (no motor veh., petrol) | 2024 August* | 3.2 | 2.2 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 0.6 |
| Retail trade (no motor veh., petrol) | 2024 September* | -0.2 | 2.6 | 0.5 | -1.5 | 1.2 | 0.1 |
| Retail trade (no motor veh., petrol) | 2024 3rd quarter* | 1.9 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 0.5 |
| Retail trade (no motor veh., petrol) | 2024 October* | 4.3 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 2.8 | 0.6 | -0.2 |
| Shops in non-food and no-store retail | 2023 October | 3.6 | 3.3 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.7 | -0.2 |
| Shops in non-food and no-store retail | 2023 November | 2.2 | 2.2 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 1.0 |
| Shops in non-food and no-store retail | 2023 December | 0.9 | 2.4 | -0.9 | 0.2 | 1.7 | -0.7 |
| Shops in non-food and no-store retail | 2024 January* | 3.5 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 2.0 |
| Shops in non-food and no-store retail | 2024 february* | 6.4 | 5.2 | 1.7 | 7.0 | 5.8 | 1.4 |
| Shops in non-food and no-store retail | 2024 March* | 4.8 | 6.5 | 0.0 | 5.3 | 6.9 | -0.2 |
| Shops in non-food and no-store retail | 2024 1st quarter* | 4.9 | 4.7 | 2.1 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 2.7 |
| Shops in non-food and no-store retail | 2024 April* | 4.5 | 3.3 | -1.7 | 5.6 | 4.4 | -1.5 |
| Shops in non-food and no-store retail | 2024 May* | 4.3 | 3.8 | 0.7 | 6.4 | 5.9 | 0.9 |
| Shops in non-food and no-store retail | 2024 June* | -1.4 | 0.2 | -0.9 | -0.7 | 0.8 | -1.3 |
| Shops in non-food and no-store retail | 2024 2nd quarter* | 2.4 | 2.4 | -0.9 | 3.7 | 3.7 | -1.0 |
| Shops in non-food and no-store retail | 2024 July* | 4.8 | 3.4 | 1.1 | 5.6 | 4.1 | 1.5 |
| Shops in non-food and no-store retail | 2024 August* | 4.2 | 4.4 | 1.7 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 1.2 |
| Shops in non-food and no-store retail | 2024 September* | 3.7 | 5.1 | 0.6 | 3.2 | 4.6 | 0.2 |
| Shops in non-food and no-store retail | 2024 3rd quarter* | 4.2 | 4.3 | 2.1 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 1.7 |
| Shops in non-food and no-store retail | 2024 October* | 5.9 | 4.2 | 0.0 | 5.4 | 3.7 | -0.4 |
| Source: CBS. | |||||||
Table explanation
This table presents figures on turnover and production changes in Trade and Services sector. The figures can be broken down by industry according to Statistics Netherlands' Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities 2008 (SIC 2008). The change is shown both as a percentage change compared to a previous period and through index figures with 2021 as base year.
Turnover and production changes are published in two forms. Firstly, as year-on-year changes where the growth is expressed relative to the same period in the previous year. These figures are presented unadjusted and calendar-adjusted. The second form represents period-on-period changes: month-on-month and quarter-on-quarter. Period-on-period changes are possible by applying seasonal adjustment.
Currently, this table exclusively comprises seasonally- and calendar adjusted data pertaining to monthly records for the retail sector. For other sectors, the unadjusted monthly series only extend back to January 2021, complicating the process of conducting adjustments. The lack of sufficient historical data makes it challenging to identify consistent patterns and trends, which is crucial for accurate adjustments. Some data may not be representative of all seasonal influences occurring over a longer period, potentially leading to less reliable or even incorrect adjustments. As the unadjusted monthly series lengthens, more reliable adjustments can be made. Therefore, in the spring of 2025, the table will be expanded to include seasonally- and calendar adjusted records for other sectors, retroactively from January 2021.
Data available from: January 2000 for branches within SIC division 47 and first quarter of 2005 for all other branches.
Status of figures:
Figures for 2024 are provisional, other figures are final.
The figures of a calendar year become final no later than six months after the end of that calendar year. Due to delayed response, provisional figures may still change.
Changes as of December 2, 2024:
Figures of industries belonging to NACE sections G, H, I, J, L, M, N and S have been added. These are figures for the period October far as retail trade is concerned and September for other industries.
Figures of the third quarter of 2024 may have been adjusted.
To keep the results of these index series in line with current events, a so-called base year change is carried out once every five years. In 2024, the publication of this table switched from reference year 2015 to 2021 (2021=100) and the weighting factors were updated and based on the year 2021.
This table combines data from 9 separate former tables. Which tables this concerns can be found later in this table explanation under "3. Links to relevant tables and articles".
When are new figures released?
For monthly business statistics, figures are published as a rule 2 months after the end of the reporting month, figures for the retail trade sector and imports of new passenger cars and light commercial vehicles are published 1 month after the end of the reporting month. After publication of final results, Statistics Netherlands adjusts the figures only if major adjustments and/or corrections are necessary.
Description topics
- Turnover
- Turnover is the revenue from sales of goods and services to third parties, excluding VAT. Turnover includes revenue from both main and secondary activities. Third parties are consumers and companies outside the (Dutch part of the) own corporate group.
- Value
- The change of cash income from sales.
- Development compared to a year earlier
- The percentage change in a period (month, quarter, year) compared with the same period in the previous year. CBS calculates the percentage change on the basis of unrounded index figures.
- Uncorrected production/turnover
- Series that are unadjusted for calendar and/or seasonal effects.
- Calendar adjusted production/turnover
- Each period in a series contains a different number of working or trading days, leap days, and national holidays. By adjusting for these differences in composition, outcomes become more comparable over time. Consequently, a different composition of calendar days does not affect year-on-year developments. As a result, the trend in developments becomes purer
- Development compared to previous period
- The percentage change in a period (month, quarter, year) compared with the previous period (month, quarter, year). CBS calculates the percentage change on the basis of unrounded index figures.
- Seasonally adjusted production/turnover
- By adjusting the series for annually recurring patterns, the outcomes become more comparable to the previous months. As a result, observable seasonal effects do not impact month-on-month developments, allowing shifts in revenue growth or decline to be detected more quickly than without seasonal adjustment.
Within Statistics Netherlands, seasonal adjustment entails adjustment for both seasonal effects and calendar effects, such as working or trading days, leap days, and national holidays.
- Volume
- The change of the quantity of goods and services sold. Volume is not observed but calculated. Statistics Netherlands calculates the volume of goods and services sold in a given period by dividing the value of sales by its price.
- Development compared to a year earlier
- The percentage change in a period (month, quarter, year) compared with the same period in the previous year. CBS calculates the percentage change on the basis of unrounded index figures.
- Uncorrected production/turnover
- Series that are unadjusted for calendar and/or seasonal effects.
- Calendar adjusted production/turnover
- Each period in a series contains a different number of working or trading days, leap days, and national holidays. By adjusting for these differences in composition, outcomes become more comparable over time. Consequently, a different composition of calendar days does not affect year-on-year developments. As a result, the trend in developments becomes purer
- Development compared to previous period
- The percentage change in a period (month, quarter, year) compared with the previous period (month, quarter, year). CBS calculates the percentage change on the basis of unrounded index figures.
- Seasonally adjusted production/turnover
- By adjusting the series for annually recurring patterns, the outcomes become more comparable to the previous months. As a result, observable seasonal effects do not impact month-on-month developments, allowing shifts in revenue growth or decline to be detected more quickly than without seasonal adjustment.
Within Statistics Netherlands, seasonal adjustment entails adjustment for both seasonal effects and calendar effects, such as working or trading days, leap days, and national holidays.