Non-financial corporations; transactions by type of corporations 2015-2021

Table explanation

Description topics

Resources

Resources are transactions add to the economic value of sectors.

Total

Output

The ensemble of goods and services produced. Also called production. Three types of output are distinguished:
- market output: goods and services sold at a market or intended for sale at a market
- the own-account production of all goods that are retained by their producers for their own final consumption or gross fixed capital formation.
- non-market output: goods and services delivered for free or at economically non-significant prices to other units

Output is valued at basic prices. These are the prices experienced by the producers: product-related taxes have been subtracted from the original prices, subsidies haven been added to them. Costs of transportation, when charged separately by the producer, are not included. Changes in the values of financial and non-financial assets during the reference period are not included either.

Included is the output by all kind-of-activity units residing in the Netherlands, including those that are held by foreign owners. The kind-of-activity units include general government units and other non-commercial units.

Other subsidies on production

Other subsidies on production include all subsidies on production paid to producers, not related to the value or volume of products domestically produced or transacted. These are subsidies on agricultural products, subsidies on R&D and wage subsidies.

Property income

Property income is the income receivable by the owner of a financial asset or a tangible non-produced asset in return for providing funds to, or putting the tangible non-produced asset at the deposal of, another institutional unit.

Total

Interest

Interest is imputed to the period for which the underlying claim or debt exists. The actual interest payments or receipts are corrected for imputed bank services. Therefore there is a shift from actual interest payments and receipts to the production or the consumption of bank services. For producers of imputed bank services this means a decrease of the received interest and an increase of the paid interest with respect to the actual interest flows. For the consumers of imputed bank services this means an increase of received interest and a decrease of paid interest, compared with the actual interest flows.

Interest; definition National Accounts

Interest is imputed to the period for which the underlying claim or debt exists. The actual interest payments or receipts are corrected for imputed bank services. Therefore there is a shift from actual interest payments and receipts to the production or the consumption of bank services. For producers of imputed bank services this means a decrease of the received interest and an increase of the paid interest with respect to the actual interest flows. For the consumers of imputed bank services this means an increase of received interest and a decrease of paid interest, compared with the actual interest flows.

Correction FISIM

The concept of imputed bank services encompasses the remuneration for financial services which are not paid for directly. This remuneration is included in the actual interest paid or received. In the national accounts this indirect remuneration is specified as financial intermediation services indirectly measured.

The size of the imputed bank services is determined on the basis of a reference rate. This reference rate equals the rate of the interbank loans. The difference between the reference rate and the actual interest paid to depositors or the actual interest received from borrowers is the indirectly measured financial intermediation service charge. The actual interest paid and received is corrected for these imputed bank services.

Interest before correction for FISIM

Actual interest is the interest imputed to the period for which the underlying claim or debt exists. This deviates from the concept of interest in the national accounts. In the concept of interest in the national accounts, the actual interest is corrected for imputed bank services.

Distributed income of corporations

Distributed income of corporations consists of dividends and withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations.
Dividends are a form of property income received by owners of shares to which they become entitled as a result of placing funds at the disposal of corporations. Dividends are recorded gross, before deduction of dividend tax. This applies also for the taxes on dividends to and from the rest of the world. Dividends are recorded at the moment they are made payable.
Quasi-corporations have no independent legal status. However, they have an economic and financial behavior that is different from that of their owners and similar to that of corporations. Therefore they are classified as non-financial or financial corporations.

Total

Dividends

Dividends are a form of property income received by owners of shares to which they become entitled as a result of placing funds at the disposal of corporations. Dividends are recorded gross, before deduction of dividend tax. This applies also for the taxes on dividends to and from the rest of the world. Dividends are recorded at the moment they are made payable.

Withdrawals from income of quasi-corp.

Quasi-corporations have no independent legal status. However, they have an economic and financial behavior that is different from that of their owners and similar to that of corporations. Therefore they are classified as non-financial or financial corporations.

Reinvested earnings on foreign investm.

Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment are equal to the operating surplus of the foreign direct investment enterprise
plus any property incomes or current transfers receivable, minus any property incomes or current transfers payable, including actual remittances to foreign direct investors and any current taxes payable on the income, wealth, etc., of the foreign direct investment enterprise.
On the financial account this return on foreign direct investment are returned in the form of the purchase of shares. If the dividends paid is greater than the profit earned in a period, this means that the retained earnings on foreign direct investment are negative.

Other investment income

Other investment income consists of:
- investment income attributable to insurance policy holders
- investment income payable on pension entitlements
- investment income attributable to collective investment fund shareholders

Total

Investm. income attrib. to policy holder

In the national accounts pension and life insurance technical reserves are seen as a liability of insurance corporations to policy holders. Therefore, the investment revenues on these technical reserves are booked as payments from insurance corporations to households.
Subsequently, households pay back these revenues as imputed contributions to pension funds and life insurance corporations. In the financial accounts the latter transaction is recorded as a component of net equity in life insurance and pension funds technical reserves.

Income payable on pension entitlements

In the national accounts collective life insurance and pension provisions are seen as a liability of insurance enterprises and pension funds to pension participants. Therefore, the investment revenues on these provisions are booked as payments from insurance enterprises and pension funds to households.
Subsequently, households pay back these revenues as imputed premiums to insurance companies and pension funds.

Inv. income attributable to shareholders

Investment fund shareholders in a transaction recorded in the financial account.
Investment income attributable to collective investment fund shareholders, including mutual funds and unit trusts, consists of the following separate components:
— dividends attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
— retained earnings attributable to collective investment fund shareholders.

Dividends are a form of property income received by owners of shares to which they become entitled as a result of placing funds at the disposal of investments funds.
Reinvested earnings are equal to the operating surplus of the investment funds minus the dividends attributable to shareholders. Reinvested earnings are re-injected into the fund by a transaction recorded in the financial account.

Rent

Rent is the income receivable by the owner of a natural resource for putting the natural resource at the disposal of another institutional unit.
There are two different types of resource rents: rent on land, and rent on subsoil resources. Resource rents on other natural resources such as radio spectra follow the same pattern. Examples are rents received by landowners from tenants and royalties for the permission to explore or to extract minerals or fossil fuels (received by owners of such deposits).

Employers' imputed social contributions

Imputed social contributions represent the counterpart to the 'unfunded employee social benefits' (less any employees' social contributions) paid directly by employers to their (former) employees. It is necessary to introduce this imputation because the direct payments are recorded twice. Firstly they are recorded as employers' social contributions (part of the compensation of employees). Secondly they are recorded as social benefits.

Other current transfers

Other current transfers consist of non-life insurance premiums, non-life insurance claims, current transfers within general government, current international co-operation and miscellaneous current transfers.

Total

Non-life insurance claims

Non-life insurance claims represent the amounts which insurance enterprises are obliged to pay in settlement of injuries or damage as a result of fires, floods, crashes, collisions, sinkings, theft, violence, accidents, sickness, etc. The claims are paid by the insurance enterprises to the policy holders.

Miscellaneous current transfers

Miscellaneous current transfers include all current transfers not elsewhere classified. They include:
- current transfers to NPISHs include all voluntary contributions (other than legacies), membership subscriptions and financial assistance which NPISHs receive from households (including non-resident households) and, to a lesser extent, from other units;
- current transfers between households consist of all current transfers in cash or in kind made, or received, by resident households to, or from, other resident or non-resident households. In particular, they comprise remittances by emigrants or workers permanently settled abroad (or working abroad for a period of a year or longer) to members of their family living in their country of origin, or by parents to children in another location;
- fines and penalties imposed on institutional units by courts of law or quasi-judicial bodies are treated as other miscellaneous current transfers;
- the amounts paid for lottery tickets or placed in bets consist of two elements: the payment of a service charge to the unit organiing the lottery or gambling and a residual current transfer that is paid out to the winners;
- sponsoring by corporations if those payments cannot be regarded as purchases of advertising or other services (for instance, transfers for a good cause, or scholarships.

Capital transfers

Capital transfers are payments for which no quid pro quo by the beneficiary is expected. They burden the wealth of the payer, or are meant to finance fixed capital formation or other long-term expenditures of the receiver. Capital transfers can be classified into capital taxes, investment grants, imputed capital transfers and other capital transfers.

Total

Investment grants

Investment grants are capital transfers, which are intended to finance fixed capital formation of other units.

Other capital transfers

Other capital transfers are capital transfers that cannot be characterized as investment grants or as capital taxes.

Uses

Uses are transactions appear which deduces the economic value of sectors.

Total

Intermediate consumption (-)

Goods and services used as input in a production process, with the exception of capital goods. Intermediate consumption consists of goods reshaped into other goods or consumed entirely in the course of the production process (by definition, this holds for all hired services). According to international standards an acquired good or hired service is classified as a fixed asset rather than intermediate consumption when it lasts over one year in a production process. Goods and services that are part of intermediate consumption are valued at market prices at the time they were used.

Compensation of employees

The compensation of employees is the total remuneration, in cash or in kind, payable by an employer to an employee in return for work done by the latter during an accounting period. The compensation of employees is equal to the sum of wages and salaries and employers' social contributions.

Total

De vergoedingen voor de werknemer, die in een bepaalde periode arbeid verricht, en die ten laste komen van de werkgever, inclusief de door de werkgever ingehouden loonbelasting en de sociale premies die ten laste komen van de werknemer.

Wages and salaries

Wages and salaries are the remunerations an employee receives in return for work done during an accounting period. Wages and salaries include social contributions, income taxes and other payments payable by the employee, including those withheld by the employer and paid directly to social insurance schemes, tax authorities etc. on behalf of the employee. The most important form of wages and salaries is wages in cash (including withheld income taxes and social contributions). Wages in cash are composed of regular gross wages, standard extra allowances (for instance for hazardous work), bonuses, overtime pay, tips and compensation for costs related to employment (for instance refunds of fares to and from work). Bonuses include holiday pay, tantième, gratifications, profit shares and a thirteenth or fourteenth month. Wages in kind occur if an employee benefits from his or her job besides being paid wages. Examples of payment in kind are private use of a company car, free housing, free food, lower interest rates on mortgages, free or cheap use of the company's products or services, and company supplied or subsidized child care.

Employers' social contributions

Employers' social contributions are social contributions payable by employers to social security schemes or other employment-related social insurance schemes to secure social benefits for their employees. Employer's social contributions may be either actual or imputed. As set out by the ESA 2010, pay over periods in which no work is done due to illness or bad weather is registered as part of employers' social contributions.

Other taxes on production

Other taxes on production include all taxes on production paid by producers, not related to the value or volume of products produced or transacted. Examples are real estate tax and sewerage charges paid by producers.

Property income

Property income is the income receivable by the owner of a financial asset or a tangible non-produced asset in return for providing funds to, or putting the tangible non-produced asset at the deposal of, another institutional unit.

Total

Interest

Interest is imputed to the period for which the underlying claim or debt exists. The actual interest payments or receipts are corrected for imputed bank services. Therefore there is a shift from actual interest payments and receipts to the production or the consumption of bank services. For producers of imputed bank services this means a decrease of the received interest and an increase of the paid interest with respect to the actual interest flows. For the consumers of imputed bank services this means an increase of received interest and a decrease of paid interest, compared with the actual interest flows.

Interest; definition National Accounts

Interest is imputed to the period for which the underlying claim or debt exists. The actual interest payments or receipts are corrected for imputed bank services. Therefore there is a shift from actual interest payments and receipts to the production or the consumption of bank services. For producers of imputed bank services this means a decrease of the received interest and an increase of the paid interest with respect to the actual interest flows. For the consumers of imputed bank services this means an increase of received interest and a decrease of paid interest, compared with the actual interest flows.

Correction FISIM

The concept of imputed bank services encompasses the remuneration for financial services which are not paid for directly. This remuneration is included in the actual interest paid or received. In the national accounts this indirect remuneration is specified as financial intermediation services indirectly measured.

The size of the imputed bank services is determined on the basis of a reference rate. This reference rate equals the rate of the interbank loans. The difference between the reference rate and the actual interest paid to depositors or the actual interest received from borrowers is the indirectly measured financial intermediation service charge. The actual interest paid and received is corrected for these imputed bank services.

Interest before correction for FISIM

Actual interest is the interest imputed to the period for which the underlying claim or debt exists. This deviates from the concept of interest in the national accounts. In the concept of interest in the national accounts, the actual interest is corrected for imputed bank services.

Distributed income of corporations

Distributed income of corporations consists of dividends and withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations.
Dividends are a form of property income received by owners of shares to which they become entitled as a result of placing funds at the disposal of corporations. Dividends are recorded gross, before deduction of dividend tax. This applies also for the taxes on dividends to and from the rest of the world. Dividends are recorded at the moment they are made payable.
Quasi-corporations have no independent legal status. However, they have an economic and financial behavior that is different from that of their owners and similar to that of corporations. Therefore they are classified as non-financial or financial corporations.

Total

Dividends

Dividends are a form of property income received by owners of shares to which they become entitled as a result of placing funds at the disposal of corporations. Dividends are recorded gross, before deduction of dividend tax. This applies also for the taxes on dividends to and from the rest of the world. Dividends are recorded at the moment they are made payable.

Withdrawals from income of quasi-corps.

Quasi-corporations have no independent legal status. However, they have an economic and financial behavior that is different from that of their owners and similar to that of corporations. Therefore they are classified as non-financial or financial corporations.

Reinvested earnings on foreign investm.

Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment are equal to the operating surplus of the foreign direct investment enterprise
plus any property incomes or current transfers receivable, minus any property incomes or current transfers payable, including actual remittances to foreign direct investors and any current taxes payable on the income, wealth, etc., of the foreign direct investment enterprise.
On the financial account this return on foreign direct investment are returned in the form of the purchase of shares. If the dividends paid is greater than the profit earned in a period, this means that the retained earnings on foreign direct investment are negative.

Income payable on pension entitlements

Investment income payable on pension entitlements. Pension entitlements arise from one of two different types of pension schemes. These are defined contribution schemes and defined benefit schemes.
A defined contribution scheme is one where contributions by both employers and employees are invested on behalf of the employees as future pensioners. No other source of funding of pensions is available and no other use is made of the funds. The investment income payable on defined contribution entitlements is equal to the investment income on the funds plus any income earned by renting land or buildings owned by the fund.
The characteristic of a defined benefit scheme is that a formula is used to determine the level of payments to be made to pensioners. This characteristic makes it possible to determine the level of entitlements as the present value of all future payments, calculated using actuarial assumptions about life lengths and economic assumptions about the interest or discount rate. The present value of the entitlements existing at the start of the year increases because the date when the entitlements become payable is one year nearer. This increase is regarded as investment income attributed to the pension holders in the case of defined benefit scheme. The amount of the increase is neither affected by whether the pension scheme actually has sufficient funds to meet all the obligations nor by the type of increase in the funds, whether it is investment income or holding gains, for example.

Rent

Rent is the income receivable by the owner of a natural resource for putting the natural resource at the disposal of another institutional unit.
There are two different types of resource rents: rent on land, and rent on subsoil resources. Resource rents on other natural resources such as radio spectra follow the same pattern. Examples are rents received by landowners from tenants and royalties for the permission to explore or to extract minerals or fossil fuels (received by owners of such deposits).

Current taxes on income

Tax levied on income. These include: corporate income tax, payroll tax, income tax, dividend tax, gambling tax and one-time revenue in connection with the liquidation of holding companies.

Other social insurance benefits

Other social insurance benefits correspond to benefits payable by employers in the context of other employment related social insurance schemes.
Examples are:
- A continued payment of normal, or reduced, wages during periods of absence from work as a result of ill health, accident, maternity, etc;
- The payment of retirement of survivors’ pensions to ex-employees or their survivors, and the payment of severance allowances to workers of their survivors in the event of redundancy, incapacity, accidental death etc. (if linked to collective agreements).

Other current transfers

Other current transfers consist of non-life insurance premiums, non-life insurance claims, current transfers within general government, current international co-operation and miscellaneous current transfers.

Total

Net non-life insurance premiums

These premiums provide cover against damage as a result of fires, floods, crashes, collisions, sinkings, theft, violence, accidents, sickness, etc.
The premiums are paid by policy holders to non-life insurance companies and. The premiums are recorded net (i.e. the sum of production costs are deducted).

Miscellaneous current transfers

Miscellaneous current transfers include all current transfers not elsewhere classified. They include:
- current transfers to NPISHs include all voluntary contributions (other than legacies), membership subscriptions and financial assistance which NPISHs receive from households (including non-resident households) and, to a lesser extent, from other units;
- current transfers between households consist of all current transfers in cash or in kind made, or received, by resident households to, or from, other resident or non-resident households. In particular, they comprise remittances by emigrants or workers permanently settled abroad (or working abroad for a period of a year or longer) to members of their family living in their country of origin, or by parents to children in another location;
- fines and penalties imposed on institutional units by courts of law or quasi-judicial bodies are treated as other miscellaneous current transfers;
- the amounts paid for lottery tickets or placed in bets consist of two elements: the payment of a service charge to the unit organizing the lottery or gambling and a residual current transfer that is paid out to the winners;
- sponsoring by corporations if those payments cannot be regarded as purchases of advertising or other services (for instance, transfers for a good cause, or scholarships.

Other capital transfers

Other capital transfers are capital transfers that cannot be characterized as investment grants or as capital taxes.

Gross capital formation

Capital formation consists of capital formation in fixed assets and changes in inventories including valuables.

Total

Gross fixed capital formation

Expenditure on produced assets that are used in a production process for more than one year. This may concern a building, dwelling, transport equipment or a machine. This in contrast with goods and services which are used up during the production process, the so-called intermediate use (e.g. iron ore). Fixed capital does lose value over time as a result of normal wear and tear and obsolescence. This is called consumption of fixed capital (also called depreciation). The value of fixed capital formation in which the consumption of fixed capital is not deducted is called gross fixed capital formation. Deduction of the consumption of fixed capital results in net fixed capital formation.

The following types of fixed assets exist: dwellings and other buildings and structures, machinery and equipment, transport equipment, weapon systems (included in machinery and equipment), computers, software, telecommunication equipment, research and development, cultivated biological resources, mineral exploration and evaluation, and costs of ownership transfer on non-produced assets, like land, contracts, leases and licenses.

Total

Consumption of fixed capital

The decline in value of fixed assets owned, as a result of normal wear and tear and obsolescence.

For the estimation of the consumption of fixed capital the perpetual inventory method (PIM) is applied. The capital stock at the beginning of the year is brought to replacement value because of price changes. The fixed capital formation during the year is added to this capital stock. Next it is diminished with the value of capital goods discarded. This gives to value of capital stock at the end of the year. The consumption of fixed obtained by applying a depreciation percentage.
This method may differ considerably from the method used to calculate depreciation in business accounts, which is based on historical costs or fiscal life span.

Net fixed capital formation

Expenditure on produced assets that are used in a production process for more than one year. This may concern a building, dwelling, transport equipment or a machine. This in contrast with goods and services which are used up during the production process, the so-called intermediate use (e.g. iron ore). Fixed capital does lose value over time as a result of normal wear and tear and obsolescence. This is called consumption of fixed capital (also called depreciation). The value of fixed capital formation in which the consumption of fixed capital is not deducted is called gross fixed capital formation. Deduction of the consumption of fixed capital results in net fixed capital formation.

The following types of fixed assets exist: dwellings and other buildings and structures, machinery and equipment, transport equipment, weapon systems (included in machinery and equipment), computers, software, telecommunication equipment, research and development, cultivated biological resources, mineral exploration and evaluation, and costs of ownership transfer on non-produced assets, like land, contracts, leases and licenses.

Changes in inventories incl. valuables

Changes in inventories including acquisitions less disposals of valuables.
Changes in the stock of raw materials, semi-finished products, work-in-progress (unfinished works like ships or oil rigs) and finished products still held by the producer. Changes in stock do not include work-in-progress in construction. Positive changes in inventories arise when products are finished in the reference period but not yet sold. Alternatively, they arise when goods are purchased for intermediate consumption but not yet used. Negative changes in inventories arise when goods from stocks have been sold, or used in the production process.

In measuring changes in inventories, changes in prices during the reference period are not allowed to have any effect. The initial and final inventory is therefore valued at the same price. Raw materials are valued at the price of purchase. Final products are valued at the selling price. Work-in-progress is valued at the cost-price.

Acquisitions less disposals of valuables consists of the acquisitions less disposals of precious stones, non-monetary gold, antiques, art objects and jewelry that are acquired and held primarily as stores of value. In the national accounts this transaction is mostly combined with changes in inventories.

Total

Changes in inventories

Changes in inventories including acquisitions less disposals of valuables.
Changes in the stock of raw materials, semi-finished products, work-in-progress (unfinished works like ships or oil rigs) and finished products still held by the producer. Changes in stock do not include work-in-progress in construction. Positive changes in inventories arise when products are finished in the reference period but not yet sold. Alternatively, they arise when goods are purchased for intermediate consumption but not yet used. Negative changes in inventories arise when goods from stocks have been sold, or used in the production process.

In measuring changes in inventories, changes in prices during the reference period are not allowed to have any effect. The initial and final inventory is therefore valued at the same price. Raw materials are valued at the price of purchase. Final products are valued at the selling price. Work-in-progress is valued at the cost-price.

Acquisitions less disposals of valuables

Acquisitions less disposals of valuables consists of the acquisitions less disposals of precious stones, non-monetary gold, antiques, art objects and jewelry that are acquired and held primarily as stores of value

Acq. less disposals of non-prod. assets

Acquisitions less disposals of non-produced non-financial assets mainly consist of sales of land by public (municipal) development corporations to investors in dwellings and non-residential buildings. The valuation of sales and purchases of land is exclusive of VAT and transfer costs. These are included in fixed capital formation.
For the sector general government intangible assets are included, like the sale of UMTS-frequencies.

Balancing items

A balancing item is obtained by subtracting the total value of the entries on one side of an account from the total value on the other side.

Gross value added

The value of all goods and services produced (production value or output), minus those that have been intermediately used upon production (intermediate consumption). Value added is rated at basic prices: purchaser's prices minus trade and transport margins and taxes on products paid and plus subsidies on products received. Intermediate consumption is rated at purchaser's prices minus non-deductible VAT.
Included is the output by all kind-of-activity units residing in the Netherlands, also those that are held by foreign owners.
Net value added can be obtained by deducting consumption of fixed capital from gross value added.

Net value added

The value of all goods and services produced (production value or output), minus those that have been intermediately used upon production (intermediate consumption). Value added is rated at basic prices: purchaser's prices minus trade and transport margins and taxes on products paid and plus subsidies on products received. Intermediate consumption is rated at purchaser's prices minus non-deductible VAT.
Included is the output by all kind-of-activity units residing in the Netherlands, also those that are held by foreign owners.
Net value added can be obtained by deducting consumption of fixed capital from gross value added.

Gross operating surplus

The surplus that remains after compensation of employees and taxes less subsidies on production and imports have been subtracted from the sum of value added at basic prices. For the self-employed (who are part of the sector households) the surplus is called mixed income, it is partly a reward for their entrepreneurship compensation for their labor.

In the system of national accounts gross means that consumption of fixed capital (depreciation) has not been subtracted. When it has, net is used. Depreciation must be paid for from the gross operating surplus.

Net operating surplus

The surplus that remains after compensation of employees and taxes less subsidies on production and imports have been subtracted from the sum of value added at basic prices. For the self-employed (who are part of the sector households) the surplus is called mixed income, it is partly a reward for their entrepreneurship compensation for their labor.

In the system of national accounts gross means that consumption of fixed capital (depreciation) has not been subtracted. When it has, net is used. Depreciation must be paid for from the gross operating surplus.

Gross national income

Total primary income received by resident institutional units: compensation of employees, operating surplus / mixed income (gross), net property income and net taxes on production and imports less subsidies. Incomes flowing from one domestic sector to another have no effect on net national income. Gross national income (at market prices) equals GDP minus primary income paid by resident institutional units to non-resident institutional units plus primary income received by resident institutional units from the rest of the world. The division of payments by member states to the European Union is largely based upon differences in gross national income.

National income is not a production concept but an income concept, which is more significant if expressed in net terms, i.e. after deduction of consumption of fixed capital.

Net national income

Net national income remains after deducting consumption of fixed capital from gross national income.

Gross disposable income

The sum of the gross disposable incomes of the institutional sectors. Gross national disposable income equals gross national income (at market prices) minus current transfers (current taxes on income, wealth et cetera, social contributions, social benefits and other current transfers) paid to non-resident units, plus current transfers received by resident units from the rest of the world. Because disposable national income is not a production concept but an income concept, it is usually expressed in net terms, i.e. after deduction of depreciation (consumption of fixed capital).

Net disposable income

Net disposable income remains after deducting consumption of fixed capital from gross disposable income.

Gross saving

The portion of national disposable income that has not been used for final consumption expenditure.

Net saving

Net saving remains after deducting consumption of fixed capital from gross saving.

Net saving and capital transfers

Changes in net worth, due to saving and capital transfers, which corresponds to net saving plus capital transfers receivable, minus capital transfers payable.

Net lending (+) or net borrowing (-)

Net lending (+) or net borrowing (-) is the balancing item on the current and the capital account. This balancing item equals the balance of transactions on the financial account; a deficit on the current and capital account is financed by new liabilities and/or the sale of financial assets. In case of a surplus, liabilities are repaid and/or financial assets acquired.
Net lending or net borrowing for the total economy is equal to the balance on the current and the capital account of all institutional sectors. The balance of the financial account for the total economy shows the amount of net lending to or borrowing from the rest-of-the-world.